Seven published and two unpublished surveys of Native American school children's use of smokeless tobacco (ST) are reviewed. The surveys represent school children in the States of South Dakota, Montana, Nebraska, Washington, Arizona, New Mexico, and Alaska. This review describes and discusses the survey methods, prevalence, duration, and intensity of ST use, and ST health effects documented in these studies. Prevalence of regular ST use ranges from 18 percent in kindergartners through 6th graders to 55.9 percent among 9th and 10th graders. In two studies that surveyed kindergartners, regular use was reported at 13 percent in one study and 21 percent in the other. Comparisons to use by non-Native Americans, as reported in surveys, demonstrate the severity of the problem in Native American communities. There appear to be three significant findings related to Native American ST use: (a) young age of onset of ST use, (b) similar prevalence of use among adolescent boys and girls, and (c) higher overall prevalence of ST use when compared to non-Native American populations. Acceptance of the habit, peer pressure, and addiction seem to be contributing to the high ST use in Native American communities.
Sallis, J F; Hovell, M F; Hofstetter, C R; Elder, J P; Hackley, M; Caspersen, C J; Powell, K E;
Published Date:
1990 Mar-Apr
Source:
Public Health Rep. 105(2):179-185
Description:
Although personal determinants of exercise behavior have been studied extensively, few investigators have examined the influence of the physical environment on exercise habits. A random sample of 2,053 residents of San Diego, CA, were surveyed regard...
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be a serious aftermath of catastrophic events such as war. The incidence of PTSD appears to be high among Vietnam veterans. PTSD can be extremely disruptive to a person's physical and mental well-being, famil...
Blood donors make up the largest group in the United States that is tested for human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV) antibody. The blood donor population is ideal for detecting and quantifying uncommon or unrecognized modes of HIV transmission i...
Roffman, R A; Gillmore, M R; Gilchrist, L D; Mathias, S A; Krueger, L;
Published Date:
1990 Mar-Apr
Source:
Public Health Rep. 105(2):202-208
Description:
To assess the need for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) prevention counseling for gay and bisexual men who were continuing to engage in unsafe sex, a nonprobability telephone survey--the data may not be generalizable to the population--was c...
Petersen, L R; Calonge, N B; Chamberland, M E; Engel, R H; Herring, N C;
Published Date:
1990 Mar-Apr
Source:
Public Health Rep. 105(2):158-162
Description:
Primary care outpatients provide a good sentinel population for monitoring levels and trends of HIV infection in the United States. Because a broad cross section of the population seeks primary medical care, excess blood from specimens routinely coll...
Pappaioanou, Marguerite; George, J. Richard; Hannon, W. Harry; Gwinn, Marta; Dondero, Timothy J.; Grady, George F.; Hoff, Rodney; Willoughby, Anne D.; Wright, Audrey; Novello, Antonia C.; Curran, James W.;
Published Date:
1990 Mar-Apr
Source:
Public Health Rep. 105(2):147-152
Description:
A seroprevalence survey of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among childbearing women is being conducted in 43 States and Territories as one of the family of HIV seroprevalence surveys. This blinded survey, in which serologic test results are not li...
Onorato, I M; McCray, E; Pappaioanou, M; Johnson, R; Aral, S; Hardy, A M; Dondero, T J;
Published Date:
1990 Mar-Apr
Source:
Public Health Rep. 105(2):119-124
Description:
The Centers for Disease Control, in cooperation with State and local health departments, is conducting human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV), seroprevalence surveys, using standard protocols, in sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics in sele...
While the hazards of chronic environmental pollution remain unclear, people are making decisions about their exposure to pollution and its possible effects on their health. To compare people's concerns about environmental problems, a systematic, stra...
St Louis, M E; Olivo, N; Critchley, S; Rauch, K J; White, C R; Munn, V P; Dondero, T J;
Published Date:
1990 Mar-Apr
Source:
Public Health Rep. 105(2):140-146
Description:
The U.S. sentinel hospital surveillance system for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection includes approximately 40 short-stay hospitals located in 31 metropolitan areas in the United States and Puerto Rico. Several hospitals began testing in l...
Jones, T S; Allen, D M; Onorato, I M; Petersen, L R; Dondero, T J; Pappaioanou, M;
Published Date:
1990 Mar-Apr
Source:
Public Health Rep. 105(2):125-130
Description:
Sharing of equipment used to inject illicit drugs intravenously is a risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Systematic surveillance of HIV infection among intravenous drug users (IV...
Schalla, William O.; Hearn, Thomas L.; Taylor, Roger N.; Eavenson, Eloise; Valdiserri, Ronald O.; Essien, Joyce D. K.;
Published Date:
1990 Mar-Apr
Source:
Public Health Rep. 105(2):167-171
Description:
In 1986, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) implemented the Model Performance Evaluation Program (MPEP) to evaluate the performance of laboratories that test for antibody directed against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The impetus fo...
Pappaioanou, Marguerite; Dondero, Timothy J.; Petersen, Lyle R.; Onorato, Ida M.; Sanchez, Carolyn D.; Curran, James W.;
Published Date:
1990 Mar-Apr
Source:
Public Health Rep. 105(2):113-119
Description:
During 1987-89, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), in collaboration with State and local health departments, other Federal agencies, blood collection agencies, and medical research institutions, implemented a national sentinel surveillance system...
Allen, D M; Lee, N C; Schulz, S L; Pappaioanou, M; Dondero, T J; Onorato, I M;
Published Date:
1990 Mar-Apr
Source:
Public Health Rep. 105(2):130-134
Description:
Human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV), seroprevalence studies are needed to determine the level and trends of HIV infection among women attending family planning, abortion, and prenatal care clinics in the United States. A review of published an...
An objective of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) family of HIV seroprevalence surveys, conducted by State and local health departments, is the collection of seroprevalence data that may be useful in managing public health programs. In prevention...
McCray, Eugene; Onorato, Ida M.; Miller, Bess I.; Dondero, Timothy J.; Bloch, Aalan B.;
Published Date:
1990 Mar-Apr
Source:
Public Health Rep. 105(2):135-140
Description:
Symptomatic tuberculosis (TB) can occur as an opportunistic disease in immunosuppressed persons who are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and who have been previously infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Increases in TB cases have...
Cullen, J W; Blot, W; Henningfield, J; Boyd, G; Mecklenburg, R; Massey, M M;
Published Date:
1986 Jul-Aug
Source:
Public Health Rep. 101(4):355-373
Description:
On March 25, 1986, the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service released a report that detailed the results of the first comprehensive, indepth review of the relationship between smokeless tobacco use and health. This review, prepared under the a...
Kimball, Ernest H.; Goldberg, Howard I.; Oberle, Mark W.;
Published Date:
1996 May-Jun
Source:
Public Health Rep. 111(3):264-271
Description:
Despite great improvements in recent decades, the health status of American Indians continues to lag behind that of other Americans. Continued health improvement will depend largely on changes in individual behavior. Until recently, however, few data...
The prevalence of smokeless tobacco use has been increasing in the United States with concomitant social, medical, legal, and regulatory ramifications. This paper examines the association between the use of smokeless tobacco and the occurrence of per...
To reduce the incidence and prevalence of oral cancer, the Smokeless Tobacco Reduction Program will consist of a mass media campaign, public oral screening, and a week-long school health program for 350 students in the seventh, eighth, and ninth grad...
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[PDF - 1.19 MB]
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