U.S. flag An official website of the United States government.
Official websites use .gov

A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS

A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

CDC Stacks Public Health Publications

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducts research and makes recommendations for preventing work-related injuries, illnesses, and deaths. For more information, visit https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/index.html.

(1)
(384)
(1095)
(1281)
(1653)
(1924)
(2674)
(2174)
(2170)
(2199)
(2025)
(2294)
(2195)
(2187)
(1953)
(1953)
(1863)
(1812)
(1891)
(1852)
(2014)
(1833)
(1770)
(1792)
(1618)
(1440)
(1339)
(1049)
(1126)
(1101)
(945)
(1158)
(1313)
(1239)
(1325)
(1190)
(1403)
(1035)
(1171)
(1174)
(1210)
(1053)
(1184)
(1312)
(1467)
(1471)
(1458)
(1275)
(1229)
(1333)
(1434)
(1233)
(1062)
(1077)
(826)
(603)
(527)
(112)
(50)
(32)
(40)
(31)
(34)
(23)
(13)
(6)
(7)
(6)
(5)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(5)
(36)
0 of 90
(1)
(590)
(12)
(2)
(133)
(1)
(72)
(2)
(14)
(1)
(182)
(57)
(5)
(49)
(36)
(4)
(7)
(1092)
(18)
(463)
(5)
(80017)
(1)
(4)
0 of 24
(2)
(5)
(933)
(765)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(900)
(258)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(98)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(9)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(67)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(58)
(8)
(6)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6192)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(7)
(2)
(183)
(1)
(28)
(5)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3736)
(5)
(2)
(1)
(10)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(987)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(60)
(3)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(98)
(1)
(1)
(39)
(1)
(44)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2757)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(5)
(2)
(1988)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2879)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(38)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(165)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(404)
(1)
(2354)
(1083)
(4)
(1818)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(238)
(1)
(7)
(35)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1583)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(4)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(758)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(301)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5040)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(4190)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2686)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2160)
(1)
(254)
(1)
(1)
(1158)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(388)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(653)
(1)
(608)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(233)
(1222)
(2)
(597)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(1)
(4893)
(17)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(92)
(7)
(86)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(6)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2823)
(1)
(135)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(16209)
(1)
(521)
(2)
(1)
(1502)
(3)
(2)
(5564)
(5883)
(26813)
(10211)
(23662)
(4371)
(3614)
(1)
(5686)
(7504)
(7289)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(9797)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(13)
(246)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(8)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(7)
(101)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(167)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(5)
(140)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(494)
(190)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(642)
(1)
(2632)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(18)
(1)
(1)
(987)
(1)
(1)
(1422)
(1)
(2)
(215)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1899)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(5217)
(14)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(11724)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1410)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(81)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(308)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
0 of 743
(47)
(29)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(790)
(5)
(282)
(3521)
(810)
(2061)
(6)
(1)
(3844)
(587)
(1)
(17260)
(11)
(1)
(22)
(1)
(1)
(132)
(152)
(4757)
(31)
(3)
(4)
(3)
(16)
(4)
(1)
(3)
(24)
(16)
(16)
(50)
(559)
(4)
0 of 41
(1)
(1)
(1)
(48)
(57)
(125)
(24)
(24)
(8)
(86)
(153)
(75)
(18)
(11)
(1)
(663)
(1)
(44)
(19)
(1)
(86)
(44)
(29)
(2539)
(1)
(21)
(1179)
(15)
(122)
(14)
(31)
(1)
(633)
(4)
(10)
(3)
(20)
(2811)
(38)
(174)
(7)
(8)
(4)
(2575)
(81)
(5)
(4)
(154)
(2179)
(239)
(4)
(108)
(32)
(198)
(182)
(1)
(1)
(230)
(230)
(8)
(61)
(2)
(117)
0 of 63
(68)
(6)
(1262)
(9)
(5)
(5412)
(6234)
(4)
(9028)
(8)
(20)
(14)
(44)
(32)
(38)
(27)
(74)
(216)
(4)
(160)
(75)
(6)
(27)
(6)
(3)
(109)
(5)
(3)
(738)
(26)
(11)
(4)
(6)
(2142)
(52)
(1952)
(1987)
(11)
(4551)
(3)
(9)
(62)
(328)
(7)
(747)
(7)
(5250)
(1305)
(2564)
(7)
(52)
(10)
(21)
(246)
(169)
(36)
(10)
(34)
(275)
(23)
(402)
(34)
(24)
(164)
(66)
(51)
(6)
(15)
(55)
(157)
(11)
(39)
(170)
(3236)
(60)
(4)
(16)
(81)
(5)
(225)
(157)
(41)
(88)
(5)
(238)
(4)
(4)
(265)
(15)
(992)
(5)
(1263)
(1277)
(39)
(113)
(4)
(4)
(256)
(12)
(2026)
(53)
(25)
(7)
(6)
(4)
(4)
(227)
(202)
(1875)
(5)
(208)
(4)
(14)
(26)
(4)
(6)
(233)
(119)
(23)
(547)
(362)
(371)
(6)
(153)
(116)
(19)
(1256)
(1300)
(246)
(10)
(20)
(1740)
(216)
(143)
(94)
(69)
(356)
(11)
(5)
(20)
(23)
(63)
(6)
(6)
(5)
(61)
(4)
(219)
(64)
(190)
(41)
(190)
(4)
(35)
(12)
(73)
(4)
(32)
(11)
(127)
(9)
(248)
(5)
(5)
(2130)
(1569)
(4)
(1923)
(7)
(563)
(66)
(29)
(70)
(52)
(418)
(4)
(28)
(96)
(5)
(37)
(7)
(73)
(2815)
(498)
(24)
(12)
(29)
(115)
(253)
(7)
(6)
(10)
(64)
(27)
(339)
(21)
(282)
(152)
(259)
(4)
(320)
(5)
(109)
(62)
(3900)
(3530)
(49)
(25)
(4)
(39)
(800)
(90)
(4)
(53)
(210)
(12)
(167)
(1843)
(144)
(163)
(262)
(540)
(391)
(4472)
(535)
(5)
(45)
(214)
(26)
(77)
(9)
(109)
(51)
(70)
(32)
(154)
(4)
(22)
(13)
(4)
(31)
(4)
(479)
(25)
(4)
(52)
(7)
(66)
(8)
(195)
(521)
(172)
(174)
(5)
(8)
(4)
(10)
(321)
(18)
(6)
(587)
(2002)
(19)
(165)
(5)
(673)
(44)
(33)
(34)
(73)
(683)
(4)
(303)
(361)
(311)
(85)
(4)
(327)
(38)
(7)
(8)
(33)
(4)
(50)
(251)
(4)
(186)
(4)
(5)
(34)
(34)
(56)
(12)
(8)
(10)
(173)
(7012)
(25)
(640)
(8)
(20)
(8)
(25)
(336)
(2520)
(5)
(44)
(404)
(731)
(1104)
(8)
(26)
(60)
(206)
(4)
(87)
(46)
(16)
(887)
(5)
(2352)
(5)
(370)
(6)
(49)
(396)
(52)
(312)
(1071)
(23)
(1992)
(480)
(4869)
(5)
(1377)
(7)
(7027)
(16)
(1647)
(5)
(7)
(530)
(9)
(8)
(5486)
(5)
(30)
(117)
(9)
(6)
(14)
(26)
(2419)
(47)
(64)
(13)
(37)
(4)
(72)
(5)
(13)
(5)
(8)
(24)
(85)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(861)
(186)
(6)
(7)
(472)
(111)
(254)
(18)
(772)
(2419)
(8)
(693)
(21)
(24)
(13)
(6)
(370)
(39)
(67)
(349)
(284)
(4)
(15)
(1981)
(1413)
(123)
(34)
(22)
(56)
(7)
(42)
(20)
(25)
(8)
(4)
(4)
(401)
(103)
(49)
(455)
(588)
(10)
(626)
(349)
(4)
(166)
(11)
(6)
(304)
(29)
(664)
(123)
(21)
(15)
(9)
(5)
(4)
(4)
(1216)
(43)
(653)
(212)
(5)
(57)
(139)
(75)
(65)
(18)
(116)
(5)
(16)
(4)
(4)
(6883)
(56)
(54)
(10)
(332)
(2465)
(16)
(14)
(10)
(3452)
(16)
(14)
(1501)
(6)
(5)
(7)
(11)
(8)
(171)
(945)
(1219)
(1249)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(48)
(572)
(4)
(6)
(519)
(897)
(32)
(22)
(5)
(4)
(202)
(38)
(12)
(42)
(96)
(6)
(58)
(61)
(83)
(9)
(154)
(10)
(7)
(242)
(953)
(58)
(18)
(31)
(343)
(503)
(6)
(1191)
(12)
(21)
(10)
(6)
(15)
(44)
(5)
(1612)
(4)
(7)
(32)
(1474)
(4)
(4)
(17)
(20)
(4)
(21)
(5)
(14)
(56)
(20)
(4)
(34)
(20)
(8)
(8)
(123)
(38)
(531)
(9)
(5)
(59)
(1164)
(77)
(5)
(1529)
(5)
(4)
(75)
(77)
(7)
(1403)
(418)
(5)
(134)
(5484)
(49)
(7)
(686)
(1145)
(370)
(6)
(196)
(5)
(233)
(345)
(365)
(9)
(75)
(8)
(5)
(49)
(5410)
(3941)
(4)
(8)
(9)
(60)
(4)
(131)
(8)
(21)
(124)
(4)
(363)
(10)
(241)
(4726)
(18)
(26)
(102)
(11)
(160)
(18)
(31)
(28)
(41)
(2680)
(32)
(379)
(2859)
(208)
(4)
(2738)
(842)
(1058)
(8)
(31)
(62)
(10)
(431)
(23)
(12)
(20)
(6)
(39)
(6)
(4)
(25)
(12)
(1110)
(4)
(9)
(7)
(29)
(789)
(19)
(8)
(10035)
(4)
(111)
(11)
(4)
(4)
(911)
(8)
(3868)
(6)
(9)
(75)
(7)
(4)
(3244)
(5)
(3334)
(351)
(66)
(50)
(27)
(21)
(9)
(13)
(38)
(44)
(16)
(11)
(7)
(205)
(3255)
(16)
(3286)
(860)
(128)
(210)
(84)
(178)
(66)
(54)
(40)
(74)
(171)
(40)
(111)
(5)
(40)
(24)
(2258)
(1586)
(4)
(4)
(7)
(6)
(12)
(172)
(27)
(5)
(197)
(122)
(51)
(8)
(4)
(7)
(1262)
(7)
(23)
(9709)
(41)
(39)
(27)
(79964)
(4)
(20)
(1135)
(8)
(5)
(4)
(6)
(14)
(6)
(6)
(306)
(38)
(5)
(313)
(4)
(4)
(127)
(7)
(131)
(124)
(4)
(628)
(95)
(7)
(82)
(11)
(6)
(4994)
(385)
(4)
(7)
(29)
(41)
(6465)
(5)
(10)
(218)
(36)
(5)
(102)
(156)
(4)
(15)
(89)
(52)
(31)
(93)
(6)
(4)
(8)
(6)
(456)
(29)
(75)
(11)
(4)
(5)
(7)
(12)
(738)
(9)
(178)
(518)
(202)
(10)
(4)
(40)
(56)
(21)
(49)
(8)
(8)
(4)
(14)
(31)
(28)
(50)
(1379)
(581)
(11)
(11)
(4)
(716)
(229)
(60)
(15)
(4)
(9)
(4)
(37)
(12)
(1363)
(34)
(1665)
(4)
(15)
(6)
(14)
(4)
(5)
(35)
(18)
(33)
(5)
(361)
(419)
(15)
(1371)
(1340)
(132)
(272)
(165)
(164)
(13)
(11)
(447)
(11)
(187)
(43)
(78)
(16)
(7)
(6)
(108)
(20)
(18)
(5)
(21)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(46)
(5)
(6)
(4)
(793)
(384)
(2150)
(7884)
(7246)
(8)
(8)
(5)
(7983)
(6327)
(7)
(6)
(191)
(6)
(79682)
(4846)
(12)
(9)
(6)
(56)
(4)
(5)
(4)
(79)
(1504)
(152)
(839)
(56)
(1160)
(6)
(538)
(220)
(8)
(4)
(83)
(1707)
(115)
(61)
(2398)
(390)
(860)
(7)
(747)
(623)
(296)
(381)
(5)
(990)
(15)
(13)
(27)
(1154)
(2145)
(34)
(9)
(183)
(89)
(18)
(11)
(5459)
(15)
(5)
(4)
(4)
(29)
(11)
(4)
(1630)
(125)
(4)
(166)
(4)
(180)
(145)
(51)
(63)
(166)
(52)
(34)
(4)
(106)
(3240)
(5)
(7)
(31)
(7)
(14)
(840)
(205)
(37)
(406)
(10)
(8)
(15)
(19)
(23)
(100)
(4)
(759)
(262)
(10)
(1848)
(32)
(4)
(5)
(783)
(7)
(62)
(44)
(110)
(4)
(30)
(132)
(32)
(16)
(4)
(138)
(9)
(16)
(680)
(907)
(1340)
(22)
(12)
(4)
(4)
(25)
(50)
(8)
(933)
(3138)
(4)
(115)
(720)
(54)
(454)
(6)
(601)
(7)
(7)
(26)
(66)
(6)
(305)
(62)
(23)
(31)
(359)
(5)
(124)
(4)
(708)
(4)
(98)
(3093)
(313)
(8)
(17)
(17)
(4)
(4)
(259)
(9203)
(17)
(11)
(4)
(47)
(121)
(12)
(4)
(4)
(7)
(88)
(15)
(7)
0 of 1000
(76)
(64)
(38)
(49)
(38)
(51)
(50)
(113)
(79)
(93)
(60)
(38)
(46)
(36)
(51)
(107)
(246)
(56)
(60)
(81)
(277)
(86)
(106)
(43)
(57)
(135)
(48)
(126)
(37)
(44)
(73)
(42)
(44)
(72)
(38)
(98)
(39)
(226)
(42)
(38)
(69)
(71)
(64)
(122)
(54)
(77)
(62)
(37)
(151)
(142)
(52)
(51)
(43)
(63)
(68)
(36)
(49)
(70)
(50)
(52)
(45)
(61)
(173)
(63)
(38)
(59)
(38)
(88)
(41)
(39)
(68)
(59)
(50)
(45)
(54)
(55)
(38)
(103)
(123)
(43)
(59)
(69)
(53)
(80)
(69)
(53)
(42)
(80)
(58)
(147)
(43)
(45)
(99)
(37)
(46)
(47)
(88)
(92)
(37)
(45)
(85)
(78)
(37)
(37)
(55)
(38)
(66)
(44)
(55)
(82)
(45)
(59)
(82)
(159)
(62)
(42)
(129)
(84)
(40)
(91)
(60)
(108)
(70)
(47)
(75)
(60)
(177)
(36)
(44)
(38)
(40)
(99)
(43)
(60)
(73)
(68)
(926)
(86)
(48)
(39)
(45)
(189)
(47)
(36)
(61)
(36)
(60)
(129)
(101)
(71)
(72)
(39)
(147)
(39)
(88)
(37)
(75)
(41)
(43)
(108)
(37)
(39)
(47)
(249)
(59)
(77)
(124)
(36)
(41)
(93)
(44)
(41)
(41)
(57)
(140)
(66)
(45)
(131)
(59)
(55)
(49)
(58)
(64)
(38)
(48)
(37)
(47)
(56)
(143)
(46)
(72)
(38)
(38)
(55)
(72)
(138)
(37)
(103)
(82)
(49)
(117)
(43)
(87)
(84)
(38)
(36)
(51)
(82)
(42)
(42)
(51)
(41)
(47)
(44)
(58)
(41)
(79)
(47)
(52)
(53)
(66)
(170)
(48)
(39)
(157)
(82)
(49)
(37)
(46)
(60)
(98)
(59)
(126)
(41)
(80)
(71)
(224)
(100)
(51)
(122)
(41)
(39)
(51)
(42)
(47)
(37)
(39)
(71)
(84)
(140)
(44)
(56)
(52)
(171)
(38)
(45)
(42)
(167)
(40)
(48)
(36)
(76)
(119)
(71)
(39)
(86)
(58)
(41)
(39)
(55)
(69)
(55)
(56)
(213)
(155)
(39)
(59)
(75)
(83)
(41)
(52)
(88)
(83)
(38)
(43)
(87)
(85)
(56)
(54)
(65)
(47)
(56)
(62)
(81)
(208)
(49)
(73)
(61)
(47)
(36)
(183)
(38)
(45)
(45)
(105)
(43)
(82)
(93)
(44)
(85)
(40)
(46)
(62)
(53)
(48)
(44)
(97)
(39)
(65)
(56)
(49)
(69)
(43)
(147)
(44)
(42)
(46)
(54)
(45)
(125)
(39)
(60)
(74)
(198)
(85)
(250)
(77)
(87)
(37)
(256)
(97)
(78)
(65)
(175)
(92)
(37)
(78)
(55)
(84)
(44)
(62)
(60)
(112)
(37)
(36)
(134)
(63)
(44)
(77)
(252)
(38)
(66)
(40)
(89)
(36)
(117)
(56)
(37)
(108)
(78)
(156)
(68)
(38)
(194)
(43)
(86)
(59)
(46)
(62)
(54)
(38)
(76)
(49)
(61)
(44)
(88)
(49)
(51)
(51)
(43)
(97)
(49)
(41)
(93)
(121)
(109)
(46)
(164)
(47)
(72)
(63)
(92)
(48)
(83)
(125)
(44)
(43)
(102)
(45)
(44)
(56)
(38)
(63)
(94)
(44)
(75)
(78)
(36)
(95)
(51)
(38)
(82)
(209)
(65)
(59)
(77)
(37)
(108)
(240)
(51)
(44)
(104)
(67)
(55)
(48)
(46)
(45)
(53)
(47)
(39)
(82)
(49)
(47)
(49)
(54)
(38)
(59)
(63)
(71)
(41)
(70)
(92)
(159)
(45)
(56)
(71)
(67)
(61)
(78)
(54)
(59)
(51)
(36)
(36)
(104)
(37)
(63)
(250)
(80)
(39)
(40)
(49)
(40)
(42)
(98)
(40)
(106)
(46)
(91)
(36)
(131)
(39)
(91)
(55)
(73)
(51)
(44)
(69)
(37)
(82)
(44)
(91)
(155)
(40)
(75)
(42)
(55)
(54)
(39)
(61)
(43)
(62)
(59)
(60)
(84)
(176)
(45)
(120)
(45)
(235)
(60)
(67)
(94)
(38)
(79)
(71)
(87)
(63)
(70)
(96)
(71)
(68)
(56)
(44)
(122)
(101)
(44)
(55)
(63)
(49)
(75)
(47)
(44)
(106)
(56)
(57)
(46)
(160)
(45)
(76)
(44)
(40)
(59)
(46)
(68)
(37)
(52)
(55)
(44)
(37)
(40)
(58)
(64)
(42)
(49)
(116)
(63)
(127)
(48)
(54)
(88)
(79)
(42)
(76)
(103)
(59)
(54)
(37)
(80)
(84)
(45)
(70)
(63)
(46)
(58)
(40)
(108)
(53)
(102)
(78)
(55)
(177)
(40)
(38)
(114)
(108)
(70)
(61)
(40)
(49)
(155)
(96)
(95)
(37)
(89)
(47)
(60)
(97)
(38)
(65)
(67)
(84)
(51)
(48)
(201)
(48)
(44)
(67)
(81)
(54)
(37)
(45)
(37)
(52)
(186)
(44)
(41)
(104)
(41)
(51)
(85)
(58)
(40)
(44)
(41)
(59)
(171)
(42)
(37)
(68)
(86)
(43)
(46)
(52)
(40)
(54)
(43)
(50)
(38)
(38)
(91)
(37)
(43)
(49)
(122)
(53)
(39)
(47)
(56)
(152)
(44)
(74)
(262)
(47)
(49)
(57)
(56)
(216)
(144)
(45)
(130)
(164)
(42)
(45)
(98)
(68)
(39)
(48)
(64)
(41)
(38)
(69)
(134)
(63)
(37)
(58)
(65)
(51)
(45)
(155)
(49)
(69)
(122)
(53)
(79)
(148)
(41)
(52)
(51)
(49)
(39)
(105)
(37)
(37)
(39)
(93)
(46)
(162)
(40)
(43)
(166)
(60)
(152)
(58)
(119)
(38)
(40)
(101)
(58)
(48)
(49)
(41)
(111)
(61)
(71)
(41)
(46)
(43)
(42)
(41)
(151)
(58)
(42)
(42)
(64)
(84)
(53)
(110)
(53)
(43)
(78)
(103)
(43)
(109)
(59)
(132)
(67)
(54)
(53)
(96)
(46)
(119)
(78)
(68)
(47)
(222)
(39)
(57)
(40)
(59)
(172)
(52)
(67)
(92)
(57)
(271)
(43)
(43)
(38)
(99)
(37)
(40)
(90)
(82)
(85)
(43)
(92)
(39)
(168)
(68)
(99)
(51)
(68)
(65)
(49)
(78)
(125)
(124)
(37)
(71)
(52)
(39)
(40)
(71)
(68)
(45)
(89)
(155)
(48)
(286)
(70)
(40)
(53)
(53)
(50)
(189)
(57)
(53)
(114)
(40)
(42)
(37)
(46)
(43)
(67)
(44)
(95)
(227)
(42)
(79)
(39)
(227)
(70)
(161)
(40)
(82)
(49)
(87)
(55)
(95)
(62)
(102)
(113)
(50)
(78)
(39)
(43)
(65)
(44)
(45)
(122)
(51)
(108)
(54)
(55)
(46)
(40)
(40)
(55)
(51)
(79)
(90)
(58)
(52)
(52)
(37)
(50)
(95)
(95)
(58)
(220)
(226)
(38)
(52)
(169)
(37)
(62)
(70)
(43)
(37)
(92)
(156)
(55)
(46)
(49)
(56)
(52)
(89)
(62)
(42)
(60)
(57)
(96)
(53)
(43)
(55)
(59)
(85)
(92)
(40)
(40)
(74)
(104)
(234)
(99)
(55)
(61)
(101)
(71)
(55)
(54)
(69)
(103)
(107)
(38)
(37)
(121)
(61)
(85)
(69)
(39)
(58)
(61)
(289)
(42)
(59)
(42)
(72)
(194)
(113)
(86)
(105)
(112)
(37)
(59)
(70)
(81)
(46)
(55)
(88)
(189)
(41)
(41)
(118)
(59)
(51)
(63)
(50)
(71)
(43)
(48)
(137)
(84)
(50)
(48)
(85)
(38)
(103)
(68)
(68)
(51)
(133)
(37)
(128)
(59)
(40)
(108)
(75)
(48)
(60)
(45)
(73)
(47)
(106)
(63)
(46)
(59)
(45)
(45)
(179)
(84)
(82)
(38)
(58)
(47)
(40)
(76)
(54)
(61)
(80)
(45)
(42)
(48)
(71)
(99)
(87)
(97)
(119)
(64)
(54)
(49)
(39)
(64)
(43)
(98)
(99)
(51)
(40)
(53)
(45)
(46)
(59)
(50)
(137)
(80)
(38)
(43)
(82)
(71)
(54)
0 of 1000
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(11)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(64)
(1)
(65)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(5)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(69)
(85)
(2)
(125)
(117)
(270)
(1)
(1)
(55)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(21)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(67)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(9)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(49)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(3)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(57)
(48)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(15)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(605)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(12)
(77)
(52)
(1)
(8)
(2)
(8)
(35)
(9)
(2)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(5)
(105)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(31)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(31)
(2)
(2)
(7)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(19)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(20)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(14)
(14)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(220)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(3)
(23)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(134)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(230)
(1)
(1)
(11)
(1)
(2)
(13)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(29)
(2)
(21)
(21)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(246)
(52)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(217)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(5)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(228)
(49)
(53)
(1)
(210)
(1)
(187)
(2)
(184)
(47)
(47)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(35)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(9)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(53)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(14)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(8879)
(2)
(1)
(4)
(18)
(1)
(1)
(47)
(8)
(8)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(35)
(3)
(1)
(234)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(22)
(23)
(3)
(9)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(315)
(2)
(739)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(3)
(19)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(110)
(1)
(2)
(36)
(2)
(1)
(4)
(6)
(1)
(4)
(124)
(13)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(17)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(33)
(59)
(18)
(77)
(29)
(1)
(9)
(1)
(1)
(24)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(16)
(24)
(1)
(1)
(186)
(211)
(30)
(30)
(32)
(65)
(1)
(62)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(10)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(10)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(27)
(3)
(3)
(11)
(52)
(52)
(52)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(150)
(41)
(38)
(8)
(8)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(25)
(1)
(1)
(25)
(1)
(3)
(13)
(15)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(48)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1125)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(9)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(40)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(12)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(20)
(1)
(1)
(10)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(38)
(94)
(1)
(283)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(84)
(7)
(1)
(19)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(14)
(7)
(1)
(2)
(715)
(127)
(49)
(47)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(34)
(34)
(1)
(34)
(12)
(106)
(1)
(106)
(2)
(14)
(2)
(2)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(45)
(45)
(1)
(1)
0 of 738
(1)
(205)
(21)
(1)
(114)
(129)
(679)
(92)
(186)
(66)
(1)
(185)
(1)
(8)
(168)
(2484)
(1015)
(12)
(1)
(62)
(77)
(5)
(256)
(791)
(1)
(1)
(123)
(1)
(1524)
(667)
(2372)
(260)
(1)
(8016)
(455)
(1)
(3140)
(6)
(206)
(355)
(33)
(1668)
(237)
(165)
(3)
(21)
(81)
(5262)
(1)
(5)
(51)
(116)
(4)
(27)
(96)
(2)
(1041)
(5)
(27)
(13)
(1)
(727)
(5)
(4)
(828)
(3)
(29)
(1725)
(2)
(11)
(64)
(2052)
(7)
(5)
(688)
(10)
(1)
(1)
(237)
(46)
(13)
(139)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1170)
(6)
(2)
(1)
(5)
(3956)
(1932)
(64)
(428)
(746)
(269)
(15)
(413)
(7)
(299)
(602)
(530)
(2)
(1125)
(12)
(384)
(8)
(49)
(1246)
(192)
(37)
(86)
(1)
0 of 114
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(4)
(590)
(2)
(5)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(6)
(1)
(4)
(8)
(4)
(35)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(109)
(4)
(910)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(19)
(4)
(6)
(3)
(422)
(7)
(7)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(77)
(2)
(2)
(68)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(185)
(4)
(2)
(19)
(2)
(2)
(4)
(2)
(36)
(2)
(28)
(2)
(4)
(229)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(29)
(2)
(20)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(39)
(1)
(28)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(57)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(832)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(4)
(7)
(7)
(1)
(2)
(13)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(9)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(8)
(7)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(6)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(6)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(4)
(13)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(6)
(9)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(12)
(2)
(7)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(175)
(32)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(13)
(1)
(3)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(4)
(22)
(3)
(7)
(2)
(1)
(7)
(9)
(41)
(9)
(6)
(12)
(6)
(19)
(2)
(4)
(5)
(8)
(1)
(4)
(33)
(5)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(25)
(12)
(3)
(8)
(3)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(2)
(15)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(4)
(10)
(2)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(9)
(1)
(6)
(7)
(18)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(6)
(8)
(5)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(19)
(3)
(3)
(7)
(6)
(3)
(4)
(7)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(4)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(15)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(4)
(4)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(32)
(2)
(5)
(3)
(3)
(27)
(20)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(5)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(4)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(64)
(1)
(44)
(34)
(7)
(14)
(1)
(3)
(11)
(30)
(8)
(7)
(3)
(5)
(1)
(39)
(1)
(33)
(1)
(110)
(4)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(12)
(3)
(32)
(1)
(1)
(10)
(1)
(9)
(1)
(16)
(41)
(1)
(14)
(1)
(2)
(39)
(1)
(5)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(8)
(22)
(84)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(17)
(26)
(3)
(7)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(6)
(5)
(4)
(1)
(17)
(10)
(15)
(5)
(4)
(12)
(3)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(4)
(2)
(5)
(5)
(11)
(6)
(49)
(10)
(21)
(5)
(1)
(55)
(8)
(3)
(6)
(9)
(33)
(2)
(19)
(8)
(2)
(1)
(24)
(26)
(36)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(11)
(12)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(2)
(5)
(3)
(2)
(8)
(4)
(13)
(7)
(2)
(3)
(6)
(2)
(8)
(3)
(29)
(15)
(6)
(2)
(4)
(5)
(3)
(10)
(7)
(12)
(10)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(9)
(2)
(5)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(3)
(4)
(11)
(3)
(10)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(5)
(3)
(2)
(6)
(3)
(4)
(8)
(5)
(13)
(2)
(2)
(6)
(8)
(6)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(7)
(8)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(64)
(11)
(4)
(2)
(15)
(23)
(2)
(10)
(4)
(4)
(24)
(7)
(70)
(2)
(16)
(11)
(17)
(47)
(36)
(9)
(5)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(8)
(19)
(14)
(2)
(9)
(3)
(7)
(2)
(4)
(10)
(4)
(8)
(7)
(7)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(4)
(6)
(40)
(4)
(3)
(6)
(4)
(13)
(11)
(5)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(2)
(17)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(44)
(11)
(5)
(16)
(37)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(7)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(8)
(16)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(6)
(3)
(14)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(5)
(60)
(2)
(10)
(5)
(4)
(3)
(6)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(4)
(9)
(4)
(9)
(7)
(2)
(10)
(3)
(6)
(2)
(6)
(16)
(2)
(4)
(16)
(2)
(10)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(14)
(23)
(55)
(6)
(2)
(5)
(153)
(3)
(3)
(12)
(24)
(9)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(61)
(47)
(6)
(9)
(7)
(2)
(9)
(5)
(9)
(2)
(4)
(7)
(4)
(6)
(2)
(2)
(8)
(3)
(15)
(7)
(3)
(48)
(23)
(30)
(5)
(8)
(54)
(2)
(3)
(17)
(3)
(9)
(27)
(6)
(12)
(9)
(2)
(3)
(9)
(7)
(2)
(29)
(9)
(40)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(20)
(1)
(8)
(2)
(11)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(14)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(20)
(7)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(11)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(6)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(7)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(10)
(2)
(6)
(2)
(4)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(4)
(2)
(12)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(19)
(3)
(4)
(6)
(14)
(5)
(10)
(3)
(5)
(4)
(30)
(2)
(5)
(3)
(2)
(6)
(6)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(2)
(4)
(3)
(4)
(29)
(2)
(5)
(23)
(16)
(4)
(2)
(5)
(3)
(8)
(2)
(5)
(2)
(4)
(18)
(3)
0 of 1000
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(12)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(6)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(11)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(11)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(10)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(4)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(5)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(4)
(3)
(4)
(3)
(3)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(3109)
0 of 1000
(2675)
(2)
(24)
(30)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(2508)
(1)
(118)
(16)
(4)
(28)
(5)
(56)
(142)
(372)
(76)
(261)
(89)
(98)
(557)
(236)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(1)
(7)
(514)
(1288)
(10)
(2)
(1)
(8)
(4)
(2986)
(2179)
(7)
(1)
(13)
(7)
(8)
(176)
(204)
(3)
(2)
(4)
(181)
(1)
(587)
(1)
(2)
(43)
(905)
(18)
(2)
(765)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(69)
(43)
(138)
(14)
(659)
(542)
(26)
(143)
(85)
(39)
(48)
(61)
(15)
(44)
(25)
(7)
(1715)
(135)
(4)
(2)
(1)
(374)
(1)
(497)
(8)
(5)
(18)
(3)
(33)
(3)
(1)
(147)
(5)
(68)
(5)
(193)
(19)
0 of 97
(4)
(17)
(111)
(15)
(21)
(269)
(23)
(13)
(3)
(397)
(429)
(11)
(79)
(36)
(9)
(41)
(3)
(8)
(4)
(16)
(17)
(5)
(1)
(3)
(5)
(6)
(73)
(2)
(20)
(44)
(35)
(92)
(22)
(22)
(47)
(18)
(113)
(3)
(18)
(9)
(13)
(4)
(11)
(1)
(10)
(38)
(3)
(9)
(17)
(10)
(24)
(12)
(9)
(24)
(2)
(10)
0 of 56
(456)
(3)
(14)
(173)
(887)
(392)
(40)
(2812)
(618)
(2)
(239)
(44)
(100)
(121)
(55)
(281)
(7)
(103)
(207)
(19)
(110)
(1)
(96)
(100)
(824)
(160)
(215)
(218)
(229)
(3)
(258)
(41)
(15)
(30)
(4)
(75)
(511)
(44)
(27)
(74)
(113)
(35)
0 of 42
(1)
(635)
(5715)
(1)
(6)
(6)
(299)
(21)
(2)
(2)
(208)
(38)
(1749)
(16)
(2)
(1739)
(79)
(3)
(36)
(138)
(1)
(5)
(3)
(36)
(1)
(902)
(10)
(5926)
(1)
(406)
(1)
(15)
(4)
(10)
(400)
(1)
(2)
(1268)
(8)
(716)
(1)
(8353)
(3410)
(294)
(1761)
(1)
(3)
(1002)
(83)
(1)
(25)
(1)
(197)
(1)
(189)
(2)
(23)
(2)
(5)
(1)
(282)
(280)
(5)
(33678)
(2)
(15)
(299)
(28)
(2)
(5)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(18)
(4)
(6)
(1013)
(6)
(1)
(910)
(87)
(820)
(2)
(407)
(4)
(3)
(133)
(4)
(12)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(60)
(5)
(6747)
(42)
(3)
(5765)
(116)
(1)
(13)
(238)
(1)
(47)
(1)
(3)
(4)
(2)
(16)
(14)
(421)
(279)
(1)
(330)
(293)
(31)
(17)
(174)
(2)
(72)
(1)
0 of 123
(3057)
(917)
(3721)
(342)
(450)
(354)
(835)
(3806)
(139)
(526)
(659)
(228)
(308)
(1503)
(1268)
(1018)
(540)
(635)
(269)
(447)
(1267)
(608)
(311)
(1660)
(505)
(246)
(370)
(730)
(2353)
(138)
(1042)
(144)
(411)
(370)
(376)
(306)
(605)
(532)
(233)
(1336)
(232)
(209)
(639)
(170)
(1004)
(146)
(297)
(187)
(139)
(195)
(160)
(429)
(227)
(252)
(161)
(358)
(324)
(351)
(205)
(368)
(472)
(1187)
(411)
(1077)
(176)
(222)
(247)
(254)
(1386)
(145)
(1895)
(647)
(202)
(150)
(231)
(151)
(242)
(296)
(148)
(381)
(236)
(157)
(156)
(146)
(176)
(522)
(189)
(501)
(166)
(1356)
(211)
(183)
(154)
(309)
(146)
(165)
(151)
(209)
(1008)
(341)
(149)
(502)
(187)
(248)
(144)
(1205)
(158)
(147)
(1273)
(277)
(138)
(159)
(156)
(241)
(140)
(140)
(237)
(195)
(297)
(255)
(612)
(184)
(168)
(1398)
(512)
(217)
(178)
(140)
(171)
(462)
(347)
(1037)
(186)
(456)
(264)
(294)
(422)
(594)
(403)
(177)
(356)
(158)
(484)
(257)
(413)
(534)
(199)
(141)
(143)
(376)
(673)
(198)
(539)
(319)
(385)
(196)
(212)
(694)
(383)
(230)
(259)
(301)
(1264)
(266)
(184)
(248)
(171)
(142)
(164)
(139)
(170)
(179)
(352)
(514)
(1340)
(183)
(150)
(248)
(149)
(459)
(403)
(289)
(740)
(154)
(162)
(207)
(147)
(349)
(234)
(329)
(235)
(241)
(1455)
(556)
(1443)
(294)
(303)
(1645)
(251)
(708)
(141)
(864)
(381)
(1283)
(151)
(157)
(189)
(510)
(430)
(197)
(208)
(341)
(255)
(143)
(248)
(262)
(182)
(145)
(166)
(170)
(1292)
(605)
(182)
(367)
(152)
(159)
(263)
(320)
(245)
(146)
(163)
(407)
(158)
(263)
(759)
(178)
(224)
(151)
(151)
(630)
(297)
(252)
(627)
(412)
(257)
(600)
(231)
(1088)
(461)
(562)
(228)
(162)
(530)
(1122)
(1944)
(172)
(446)
(228)
(212)
(242)
(238)
(266)
(922)
(230)
(207)
(503)
(181)
(193)
(165)
(150)
(790)
(293)
(182)
(147)
(390)
(292)
(283)
(962)
(316)
(395)
(167)
(831)
(539)
(417)
(269)
(252)
(255)
(773)
(206)
(144)
(188)
(170)
(176)
(200)
(4739)
(225)
(887)
(909)
(643)
(539)
(202)
(382)
(311)
(306)
(319)
(2117)
(203)
(292)
(170)
(238)
(220)
(2582)
(3844)
(1020)
(820)
(1345)
(176)
(2013)
(154)
(200)
(206)
(149)
(235)
(258)
(562)
(668)
(1774)
(667)
(1279)
(535)
(325)
(208)
(676)
(495)
(238)
(897)
(373)
(221)
(222)
(204)
(670)
(210)
(251)
(192)
(254)
(145)
(142)
(173)
(169)
(358)
(239)
(192)
(158)
(202)
(407)
(396)
(169)
(531)
(310)
(202)
(738)
(333)
(159)
(383)
(233)
(422)
(165)
(360)
(265)
(400)
(306)
(251)
(188)
(189)
(312)
(230)
(1053)
(773)
(184)
(159)
(195)
(376)
(217)
(1794)
(488)
(491)
(617)
(437)
(1096)
(1298)
(342)
(386)
(256)
(176)
(790)
(502)
(218)
(381)
(668)
(140)
(288)
(972)
(218)
(220)
(566)
(197)
(286)
(294)
(214)
(157)
(172)
(511)
(300)
(206)
(175)
(315)
(154)
(198)
(174)
(279)
(244)
(475)
(160)
(200)
(199)
(164)
(245)
(4694)
(214)
(153)
(156)
(226)
(194)
(227)
(428)
(204)
(576)
(142)
(248)
(442)
(215)
(358)
(473)
(506)
(159)
(188)
(202)
(262)
(171)
(252)
(949)
(215)
(181)
(195)
(307)
(180)
(395)
(444)
(149)
(215)
(315)
(565)
(406)
(348)
(655)
(150)
(7043)
(4695)
(2132)
(297)
(564)
(427)
(169)
(184)
(248)
(282)
(307)
(596)
(169)
(138)
(223)
(2391)
(323)
(1058)
(160)
(815)
(418)
(321)
(157)
(313)
(228)
(246)
(140)
(207)
(158)
(213)
(139)
(167)
(162)
(278)
(254)
(295)
(156)
(753)
(516)
(436)
(780)
(1115)
(255)
(675)
(658)
(161)
(231)
(158)
(445)
(242)
(283)
(213)
(385)
(351)
(267)
(292)
(275)
(144)
(163)
(284)
(148)
(256)
(1140)
(256)
(391)
(180)
(148)
(257)
(310)
(162)
(465)
(539)
(201)
(524)
(170)
(267)
(255)
(147)
(212)
(197)
(256)
(2622)
(230)
(185)
(888)
(147)
(373)
(283)
(270)
(235)
(181)
(165)
(620)
(149)
(140)
(154)
(175)
(174)
(606)
(239)
(165)
(140)
(159)
(542)
(308)
(168)
(166)
(928)
(175)
(178)
(772)
(630)
(2585)
(225)
(996)
(160)
(2420)
(190)
(232)
(166)
(534)
(538)
(419)
(443)
(362)
(153)
(1054)
(1105)
(284)
(340)
(540)
(183)
(487)
(799)
(970)
(281)
(146)
(159)
(245)
(468)
(925)
(1528)
(755)
(272)
(456)
(142)
(317)
(346)
(1279)
(192)
(211)
(192)
(163)
(306)
(291)
(175)
(5912)
(793)
(163)
(1476)
(2180)
(1706)
(706)
(1626)
(154)
(690)
(198)
(237)
(691)
(511)
(348)
(184)
(356)
(205)
(797)
(560)
(155)
(360)
(681)
(665)
(3598)
(1955)
(1795)
(606)
(287)
(234)
(779)
(173)
(202)
(152)
(1285)
(192)
(396)
(464)
(326)
(259)
(139)
(138)
(334)
(207)
(510)
(297)
(172)
(337)
(151)
(647)
(197)
(147)
(432)
(603)
(783)
(1072)
(1668)
(368)
(441)
(468)
(567)
(342)
(153)
(147)
(212)
(180)
(168)
(176)
(165)
(382)
(139)
(330)
(788)
(244)
(139)
(2237)
(206)
(160)
(205)
(332)
(141)
(251)
(167)
(182)
(795)
(1882)
(254)
(936)
(770)
(395)
(258)
(203)
(146)
(141)
(160)
(198)
(403)
(161)
(180)
(451)
(264)
(178)
(284)
(640)
(359)
(217)
(286)
(501)
(206)
(145)
(297)
(595)
(192)
(153)
(288)
(158)
(200)
(235)
(334)
(212)
(151)
(149)
(268)
(888)
(158)
(795)
(489)
(214)
(251)
(205)
(157)
(321)
(889)
(1260)
(197)
(262)
(477)
(689)
(338)
(345)
(222)
(197)
(399)
(372)
(172)
(179)
(193)
(403)
(349)
(283)
(438)
(872)
(597)
(808)
(339)
(820)
(2764)
(189)
(141)
(149)
(456)
(284)
(152)
(886)
(238)
(1381)
(755)
(509)
(207)
(331)
(265)
(242)
(217)
(420)
(435)
(181)
(274)
(259)
(139)
(274)
(177)
(187)
(863)
(424)
(452)
(934)
(240)
(156)
(346)
(202)
(1075)
(500)
(749)
(2982)
(393)
(151)
(213)
(193)
(200)
(755)
(2266)
(3408)
(257)
(489)
(2350)
(256)
(171)
(154)
(241)
(372)
(233)
(177)
(1046)
(182)
(210)
(193)
(2894)
(310)
(2134)
(3339)
(1485)
(158)
(2408)
(1326)
(1082)
(215)
(1102)
(358)
(805)
(1383)
(448)
(348)
(325)
(1464)
(310)
(745)
(191)
(146)
(142)
(309)
(414)
(616)
(199)
(233)
(164)
(232)
(210)
(860)
(219)
(352)
(449)
(325)
(257)
(303)
(254)
(339)
(713)
(414)
(147)
(216)
(263)
(226)
(194)
(240)
(177)
(298)
(580)
(201)
(629)
(484)
(246)
(589)
(209)
(327)
(696)
(3486)
(1123)
(298)
(934)
(198)
(193)
(139)
(1813)
(156)
(1275)
(489)
(258)
(305)
(237)
(157)
(258)
(262)
(144)
(139)
(285)
(475)
(885)
(415)
(353)
(206)
(152)
(287)
(138)
(1270)
(633)
(624)
(3803)
(286)
(210)
(3632)
(928)
(329)
(459)
(593)
(244)
(433)
(160)
(451)
(1675)
(733)
(613)
(311)
(468)
(144)
(411)
(151)
(1270)
(240)
(199)
(904)
(208)
(375)
(245)
(318)
(163)
(146)
(178)
(183)
(265)
(233)
(222)
(159)
(139)
(179)
(224)
(184)
(314)
(336)
(162)
(2991)
(1921)
(1555)
(144)
(3037)
(255)
(1869)
(236)
(1775)
(3135)
(2060)
(2126)
(180)
(914)
(4162)
(946)
(371)
(196)
(472)
(173)
(506)
(1577)
(247)
(169)
(431)
(308)
(625)
(588)
(336)
0 of 1000
(1)
(1)
(1)
0 of 3
Showing 761 - 780 of 82805 results
  • Impact of SelfContained Breathing Apparatus SCBA Weights on Firefighters Kinematics During Simulated Firefighter Tasks
    Impact of Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) Weights on Firefighter’s Kinematics During Simulated Firefighter Tasks
    Akbas K ;
    Jones, Richard
    2024/07/24 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    Firefighters face a multitude of hazards in their line of duty, with overexertion being one of the foremost causes of injuries or fatalities. This high risk is often exacerbated by the burden of carrying a heavy self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). This study aims to explore the impact of SCBA weight on firefighters' musculoskeletal joint mov ...
    Public Domain
  • Multiomic Profiling of Human Clonal Hematopoiesis Reveals Genotype and CellSpecific Inflammatory Pathway Activation
    Multiomic Profiling of Human Clonal Hematopoiesis Reveals Genotype and Cell-Specific Inflammatory Pathway Activation
    Ahmad A ;
    Bhat P
    2024/07/23 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    Clonal hematopoiesis (CH) is an age-associated phenomenon that increases the risk of hematologic malignancy and cardiovascular disease. CH is thought to enhance disease risk through inflammation in the peripheral blood.1 Here, we profile peripheral blood gene expression in 66 968 single cells from a cohort of 17 patients with CH and 7 controls. Usi ...
  • The Interaction and LiftOff Forces of an Atomic Force Microscope Tip from Single Fibers Extracted from Protective Clothing Fabric
    The Interaction and Lift-Off Forces of an Atomic Force Microscope Tip from Single Fibers Extracted from Protective Clothing Fabric
    Reifenberger RG ;
    Tsai CS-J
    2024/07/23 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    The widespread use of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) poses a potential health hazard to humans, especially to those involved in either nanoparticle manufacturing or the usage and assembly of a final product. In this study, we performed systematic force vs distance experiments (F(z)) using an atomic force microscope (AFM) on fibers commonly used in ...
  • Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 on N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirators: Implications for Reuse (Dataset)
    Choi YW ;
    Fisher EM
    2024/07/23 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    In response to the shortage of N95® filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) for healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued strategies for extended use and limited reuse of N95 FFRs to conserve supply. Previously worn N95 FFRs can serve as a source of pathogens, which can be transferre ...
    Dataset Public Domain
  • The Effect of Overburden Depth on Casing Deformations of Shale Gas Wells in Longwall Chain Pillars Recent MineBy Experiences
    The Effect of Overburden Depth on Casing Deformations of Shale Gas Wells in Longwall Chain Pillars – Recent Mine-By Experiences
    Khademian Z ;
    Kim BH
    2024/07/22 | Mining Publications
    Over 2,000 shale gas wells have been drilled in the Pittsburgh Seam longwall reserves. As longwall panels are laid out, some of these shale gas wells must be located in longwall chain pillars. With longwall mining on both sides and the constraint of chain pillar size, gas wells in chain pillars are subjected to longwall-induced ground movements and ...
    Public Domain
  • Research on Microseismic Passive Velocity Tomography Based on Template Matching Technology
    Research on Microseismic Passive Velocity Tomography Based on Template Matching Technology
    Boltz S ;
    Chambers D
    2024/07/22 | Mining Publications
    Microseismic passive velocity tomography is becoming an effective technology for large-scale mining-induced stress monitoring in underground mines, especially in the field of early warning of mining-induced hazards. Aiming at the problems of missing low-magnitude events in traditional microseismic monitoring, as well as the potential to increase th ...
    Public Domain
  • Analysis of Rib Bolt Load and Its Impact on Stabilizing Coal Pillar Ribs Using Numerical Simulations
    Analysis of Rib Bolt Load and Its Impact on Stabilizing Coal Pillar Ribs Using Numerical Simulations
    Mohamed K ;
    Xue Y
    2024/07/22 | Mining Publications
    Rib control is a critical component of underground coal mining operations, and comprehensive rib support design is essential for ensuring the safety of miners. However, there is currently no standardized approach for rib support design in the United States. To tackle this issue, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has ...
    Public Domain
  • Seismic Potential Forecasting in a Deep Longwall Mine
    Seismic Potential Forecasting in a Deep Longwall Mine
    Agioutantis Z ;
    Beale J
    2024/07/22 | Mining Publications
    Seismic events can be induced by mining due to unstable rock failures or slips along geologic structures leading to the sudden release of strain energy stored within the rock near underground openings. Depending on their intensity and proximity to the working area, seismic events may raise safety concerns, and thus the forecasting of the seismic po ...
    Public Domain
  • From Points to Lines to Surfaces A Novel Approach to Reconstructing FieldScale ThreeDimensional Shale Roof Models Using Image Processing
    From Points to Lines to Surfaces: A Novel Approach to Reconstructing Field-Scale Three-Dimensional Shale Roof Models Using Image Processing
    Li X ;
    Ruan M
    2024/07/22 | Mining Publications
    Most coal mine roofs in the Appalachian region consist of laminated shale, which is prone to brittle failure. Accurate modeling of shale roofs is vital for studying cutter failures of these shale roofs, and ordinary and formational bedding planes play a significant role in the response of the shale roof to mining-induced stresses. This paper presen ...
    Public Domain
  • NIOSH Gas Well Stability Research A Summary of Ground Control Engineering Considerations
    NIOSH Gas Well Stability Research: A Summary of Ground Control Engineering Considerations
    Kim B ;
    Su D
    2024/07/22 | Mining Publications
    This paper summarizes significant findings from the ongoing NIOSH Gas Well Stability research over the past decade; in particular, the important ground control engineering considerations. Longwall-induced surface and subsurface deformations may induce gas well casing deformations and stresses, depending on a few parameters such as overburden depth, ...
    Public Domain
  • A Case Study of Path Dependent Calibration and Pillar Stability Analysis Using the LaModel Program
    A Case Study of Path Dependent Calibration and Pillar Stability Analysis Using the LaModel Program
    Sears MM
    2024/07/22 | Mining Publications
    The LaModel program is widely used to calculate stresses and displacements on thin tabular deposits, particularly when multiple seams or complex mining geometry is encountered. The program itself allows the user to create multiple mining steps to show a progressive sequence of mining. However, LaModel considers each individual step as an independen ...
    Public Domain
  • 3DEC Investigation of the Highly Anisotropic Strengths of a Utah Coal Using Discrete Fracture Networks
    3DEC Investigation of the Highly Anisotropic Strengths of a Utah Coal Using Discrete Fracture Networks
    Kim BH ;
    Larson, Mark K.
    2024/07/22 | Mining Publications
    Although techniques and practices of mining are highly advanced, coal pillar bursts or bumps continue to occur. Many uncertainties remain because of the highly anisotropic characteristics of coal seams that are associated with geologic structure and the mining-induced spatial redistribution of stress in coal pillars. Thus, to prevent fatalities in ...
    Public Domain
  • Investigating the Influence of Lateral Loading on the Vertical Capacity of Coal Mine Standing Supports
    Investigating the Influence of Lateral Loading on the Vertical Capacity of Coal Mine Standing Supports
    Batchler, Timothy ;
    Mohamed K
    2024/07/22 | Mining Publications
    The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) initiated a testing program to assess the effects of lateral loading on various standing supports used in underground coal mines. This study is not intended to endorse a particular type of standing supports nor to provide a comparison between different types of standing supports. Thi ...
    Public Domain
  • Associations of a Toenail Metal Mixture with Attention and Memory in the Gulf LongTerm FollowUp GuLF Study
    Associations of a Toenail Metal Mixture with Attention and Memory in the Gulf Long-Term Follow-Up (GuLF) Study
    Buckley JP ;
    Dickerson AS
    2024/07/20 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    Background: Research on metal-associated neurodegeneration has largely focused on single metals. Since metal exposures typically co-occur as combinations of both toxic and essential elements, a mixtures framework is important for identifying risk and protective factors. This study examined associations between toenail levels of an eight-metal mixtu ...
  • Construction Injury Narrative Teen Worker Loses Legs to Trencher 2024
    Construction Injury Narrative: Teen Worker Loses Legs to Trencher [2024]
    Washington (State). Department of Labor and Industries
    2024/07/18 | Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation Reports (FACE)
    A 16-year-old construction worker had both legs amputated when they were caught in a trencher. He was a high school student in a work-based learning program that allowed him to earn credit and gain job experience. He worked for his employer, a large general contractor, around nine months. The teen was using a walk-behind mini skid steer with a hydr ...
  • Evaluating Scanning Electron Microscopy for the Measurement of SmallScale Topography
    Evaluating Scanning Electron Microscopy for the Measurement of Small-Scale Topography
    Beschorner KE ;
    Chadha V
    2024/07/15 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    For predicting surface performance, multiscale topography analysis consistently outperforms standard roughness metrics; however, surface-characterization tools limit the range of sizes that can be measured. Therefore, we evaluate the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to systematically measure small-scale topography. While others have employ ...
  • Expanding Environmental Care Competencies for Future and Current Healthcare Providers
    Expanding Environmental Care Competencies for Future and Current Healthcare Providers
    Keating SA ;
    Klar RT
    2024/07/15 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    The multiple impacts of the environment on the health of populations can oftentimes be clouded by the daily care practices of healthcare providers. This case study describes an innovative graduate level elective course that uses a problem-based approach to apply evidence-based principles of environmental health to the care of populations. Initial i ...
  • Testing the Shock Protection Performance of Type I Construction Helmets Using Impactors of Different Masses
    Testing the Shock Protection Performance of Type I Construction Helmets Using Impactors of Different Masses
    Pan, Christopher S. ;
    Ronaghi M
    2024/07/12 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    BACKGROUND: Wearing protective helmets is an important prevention strategy to reduce work-related traumatic brain injuries. The existing standardized testing systems are used for quality control and do not provide a quantitative measure of the helmet performance. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the failure characterizations of Type I industrial helmets and d ...
    Public Domain
  • Quantification of Mechanical Behavior of Rat Tail Under Compression
    Quantification of Mechanical Behavior of Rat Tail Under Compression
    Dong, Ren G. ;
    Krajnak, Kristine M.
    2024/07/12 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    BACKGORUND: The development of vibration-induced finger disorders is likely associated with combined static and dynamic responses of the fingers to vibration exposure. To study the mechanism of the disorders, a new rat-tail model has been established to mimic the finger vibration and pressure exposures. However, the mechanical behavior of the tail ...
    Public Domain
  • Exploring the Role of Silica Exposure in the Aetiology of Interstitial Lung Disorders
    Exploring the Role of Silica Exposure in the Aetiology of Interstitial Lung Disorders
    Calvert, Geoffrey M. ;
    Fishwick D
    2024/07/10 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    The paper by Iversen and colleagues in this issue of Occupational and Environmental Medicine provides interesting insights into the potential contribution of inhaled respirable crystalline silica (RCS) in the development of idiopathic interstitial lung disorders and sarcoidosis. It also interestingly showed an association between low levels of cumu ...
    Public Domain
761 - 780 / 82805