U.S. flag An official website of the United States government.
Official websites use .gov

A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS

A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

CDC Stacks Public Health Publications

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducts research and makes recommendations for preventing work-related injuries, illnesses, and deaths. For more information, visit https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/index.html.

(1)
(384)
(1095)
(1281)
(1653)
(1924)
(2674)
(2174)
(2170)
(2199)
(2025)
(2294)
(2195)
(2187)
(1953)
(1953)
(1863)
(1812)
(1891)
(1852)
(2014)
(1833)
(1770)
(1792)
(1618)
(1440)
(1339)
(1049)
(1126)
(1101)
(945)
(1158)
(1313)
(1239)
(1325)
(1190)
(1403)
(1035)
(1171)
(1174)
(1210)
(1053)
(1184)
(1312)
(1467)
(1471)
(1458)
(1275)
(1229)
(1333)
(1434)
(1233)
(1062)
(1077)
(826)
(603)
(527)
(112)
(50)
(32)
(40)
(31)
(34)
(23)
(13)
(6)
(7)
(6)
(5)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(5)
(36)
0 of 90
(1)
(590)
(12)
(2)
(133)
(1)
(72)
(2)
(15)
(1)
(182)
(57)
(5)
(49)
(37)
(4)
(7)
(1092)
(18)
(463)
(5)
(80015)
(1)
(4)
0 of 24
(2)
(5)
(933)
(765)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(900)
(258)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(98)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(9)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(67)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(58)
(8)
(6)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6192)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(7)
(2)
(183)
(1)
(28)
(5)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3736)
(5)
(2)
(1)
(10)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(987)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(60)
(3)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(98)
(1)
(1)
(39)
(1)
(44)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2757)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(5)
(2)
(1988)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2879)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(38)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(165)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(404)
(1)
(2354)
(1083)
(4)
(1818)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(238)
(1)
(7)
(35)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1583)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(4)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(758)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(301)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5040)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(4190)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2686)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2160)
(1)
(254)
(1)
(1)
(1158)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(388)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(653)
(1)
(608)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(233)
(1222)
(2)
(597)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(1)
(4893)
(17)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(92)
(7)
(86)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(6)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2823)
(1)
(135)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(16209)
(1)
(521)
(2)
(1)
(1502)
(3)
(2)
(5564)
(5883)
(26813)
(10211)
(23662)
(4371)
(3614)
(1)
(5686)
(7504)
(7289)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(9797)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(13)
(246)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(8)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(7)
(101)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(167)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(5)
(140)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(494)
(190)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(642)
(1)
(2632)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(18)
(1)
(1)
(987)
(1)
(1)
(1422)
(1)
(2)
(215)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1899)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(5217)
(14)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(11724)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1410)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(81)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(308)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
0 of 743
(47)
(29)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(790)
(5)
(282)
(3521)
(810)
(2061)
(6)
(1)
(3844)
(587)
(1)
(17260)
(11)
(1)
(22)
(1)
(1)
(132)
(152)
(4757)
(31)
(3)
(4)
(3)
(16)
(4)
(1)
(3)
(24)
(16)
(16)
(50)
(559)
(4)
0 of 41
(1)
(1)
(1)
(48)
(57)
(125)
(24)
(24)
(8)
(86)
(153)
(75)
(18)
(11)
(1)
(663)
(1)
(44)
(19)
(1)
(86)
(44)
(29)
(2539)
(1)
(21)
(1179)
(15)
(122)
(14)
(31)
(1)
(633)
(4)
(10)
(3)
(20)
(2811)
(38)
(174)
(7)
(8)
(4)
(2575)
(81)
(5)
(4)
(154)
(2179)
(239)
(4)
(108)
(32)
(198)
(182)
(1)
(1)
(230)
(230)
(8)
(61)
(2)
(117)
0 of 63
(68)
(6)
(1262)
(9)
(5)
(5412)
(6234)
(4)
(9028)
(8)
(20)
(14)
(44)
(32)
(38)
(27)
(74)
(216)
(4)
(160)
(75)
(6)
(27)
(6)
(3)
(109)
(5)
(3)
(738)
(26)
(11)
(4)
(6)
(2142)
(52)
(1952)
(1987)
(11)
(4551)
(3)
(9)
(62)
(328)
(7)
(747)
(7)
(5250)
(1305)
(2564)
(7)
(52)
(10)
(21)
(246)
(169)
(36)
(10)
(34)
(275)
(23)
(402)
(34)
(24)
(164)
(66)
(51)
(6)
(15)
(55)
(157)
(11)
(39)
(170)
(3236)
(60)
(4)
(16)
(81)
(5)
(225)
(157)
(41)
(88)
(5)
(238)
(4)
(4)
(265)
(15)
(992)
(5)
(1263)
(1277)
(39)
(113)
(4)
(4)
(256)
(12)
(2026)
(53)
(25)
(7)
(6)
(4)
(4)
(227)
(202)
(1875)
(5)
(208)
(4)
(14)
(26)
(4)
(6)
(233)
(119)
(23)
(547)
(362)
(371)
(6)
(153)
(116)
(19)
(1256)
(1300)
(246)
(10)
(20)
(1740)
(216)
(143)
(94)
(69)
(356)
(11)
(5)
(20)
(23)
(63)
(6)
(6)
(5)
(61)
(4)
(219)
(64)
(190)
(41)
(190)
(4)
(35)
(12)
(73)
(4)
(32)
(11)
(127)
(9)
(248)
(5)
(5)
(2130)
(1569)
(4)
(1923)
(7)
(563)
(66)
(29)
(70)
(52)
(418)
(4)
(28)
(96)
(5)
(37)
(7)
(73)
(2815)
(498)
(24)
(12)
(29)
(115)
(253)
(7)
(6)
(10)
(64)
(27)
(339)
(21)
(282)
(152)
(259)
(4)
(320)
(5)
(109)
(62)
(3900)
(3530)
(49)
(25)
(4)
(39)
(800)
(90)
(4)
(53)
(210)
(12)
(167)
(1843)
(144)
(163)
(262)
(540)
(391)
(4472)
(535)
(5)
(45)
(214)
(26)
(77)
(9)
(109)
(51)
(70)
(32)
(154)
(4)
(22)
(13)
(4)
(31)
(4)
(479)
(25)
(4)
(52)
(7)
(66)
(8)
(195)
(521)
(172)
(174)
(5)
(8)
(4)
(10)
(321)
(18)
(6)
(587)
(2002)
(19)
(165)
(5)
(673)
(44)
(33)
(34)
(73)
(683)
(4)
(303)
(361)
(311)
(85)
(4)
(327)
(38)
(7)
(8)
(33)
(4)
(50)
(251)
(4)
(186)
(4)
(5)
(34)
(34)
(56)
(12)
(8)
(10)
(173)
(7012)
(25)
(640)
(8)
(20)
(8)
(25)
(336)
(2520)
(5)
(44)
(404)
(731)
(1104)
(8)
(26)
(60)
(206)
(4)
(87)
(46)
(16)
(887)
(5)
(2352)
(5)
(370)
(6)
(49)
(396)
(52)
(312)
(1071)
(23)
(1992)
(480)
(4869)
(5)
(1377)
(7)
(7027)
(16)
(1647)
(5)
(7)
(530)
(9)
(8)
(5486)
(5)
(30)
(117)
(9)
(6)
(14)
(26)
(2419)
(47)
(64)
(13)
(37)
(4)
(72)
(5)
(13)
(5)
(8)
(24)
(85)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(861)
(186)
(6)
(7)
(472)
(111)
(254)
(18)
(772)
(2419)
(8)
(693)
(21)
(24)
(13)
(6)
(370)
(39)
(67)
(349)
(284)
(4)
(15)
(1981)
(1413)
(123)
(34)
(22)
(56)
(7)
(42)
(20)
(25)
(8)
(4)
(4)
(401)
(103)
(49)
(455)
(588)
(10)
(626)
(349)
(4)
(166)
(11)
(6)
(304)
(29)
(664)
(123)
(21)
(15)
(9)
(5)
(4)
(4)
(1216)
(43)
(653)
(212)
(5)
(57)
(139)
(75)
(65)
(18)
(116)
(5)
(16)
(4)
(4)
(6883)
(56)
(54)
(10)
(332)
(2465)
(16)
(14)
(10)
(3452)
(16)
(14)
(1501)
(6)
(5)
(7)
(11)
(8)
(171)
(945)
(1219)
(1249)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(48)
(572)
(4)
(6)
(519)
(897)
(32)
(22)
(5)
(4)
(202)
(38)
(12)
(42)
(96)
(6)
(58)
(61)
(83)
(9)
(154)
(10)
(7)
(242)
(953)
(58)
(18)
(31)
(343)
(503)
(6)
(1191)
(12)
(21)
(10)
(6)
(15)
(44)
(5)
(1612)
(4)
(7)
(32)
(1474)
(4)
(4)
(17)
(20)
(4)
(21)
(5)
(14)
(56)
(20)
(4)
(34)
(20)
(8)
(8)
(123)
(38)
(531)
(9)
(5)
(59)
(1164)
(77)
(5)
(1529)
(5)
(4)
(75)
(77)
(7)
(1403)
(418)
(5)
(134)
(5484)
(49)
(7)
(686)
(1145)
(370)
(6)
(196)
(5)
(233)
(345)
(365)
(9)
(75)
(8)
(5)
(49)
(5410)
(3941)
(4)
(8)
(9)
(60)
(4)
(131)
(8)
(21)
(124)
(4)
(363)
(10)
(241)
(4726)
(18)
(26)
(102)
(11)
(160)
(18)
(31)
(28)
(41)
(2680)
(32)
(379)
(2859)
(208)
(4)
(2738)
(842)
(1058)
(8)
(31)
(62)
(10)
(431)
(23)
(12)
(20)
(6)
(39)
(6)
(4)
(25)
(12)
(1110)
(4)
(9)
(7)
(29)
(789)
(19)
(8)
(10035)
(4)
(111)
(11)
(4)
(4)
(911)
(8)
(3868)
(6)
(9)
(75)
(7)
(4)
(3244)
(5)
(3334)
(351)
(66)
(50)
(27)
(21)
(9)
(13)
(38)
(44)
(16)
(11)
(7)
(205)
(3255)
(16)
(3286)
(860)
(128)
(210)
(84)
(178)
(66)
(54)
(40)
(74)
(171)
(40)
(111)
(5)
(40)
(24)
(2258)
(1586)
(4)
(4)
(7)
(6)
(12)
(172)
(27)
(5)
(197)
(122)
(51)
(8)
(4)
(7)
(1262)
(7)
(23)
(9709)
(41)
(39)
(27)
(79964)
(4)
(20)
(1135)
(8)
(5)
(4)
(6)
(14)
(6)
(6)
(306)
(38)
(5)
(313)
(4)
(4)
(127)
(7)
(131)
(124)
(4)
(628)
(95)
(7)
(82)
(11)
(6)
(4994)
(385)
(4)
(7)
(29)
(41)
(6465)
(5)
(10)
(218)
(36)
(5)
(102)
(156)
(4)
(15)
(89)
(52)
(31)
(93)
(6)
(4)
(8)
(6)
(456)
(29)
(75)
(11)
(4)
(5)
(7)
(12)
(738)
(9)
(178)
(518)
(202)
(10)
(4)
(40)
(56)
(21)
(49)
(8)
(8)
(4)
(14)
(31)
(28)
(50)
(1379)
(581)
(11)
(11)
(4)
(716)
(229)
(60)
(15)
(4)
(9)
(4)
(37)
(12)
(1363)
(34)
(1665)
(4)
(15)
(6)
(14)
(4)
(5)
(35)
(18)
(33)
(5)
(361)
(419)
(15)
(1371)
(1340)
(132)
(272)
(165)
(164)
(13)
(11)
(447)
(11)
(187)
(43)
(78)
(16)
(7)
(6)
(108)
(20)
(18)
(5)
(21)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(46)
(5)
(6)
(4)
(793)
(384)
(2150)
(7884)
(7246)
(8)
(8)
(5)
(7983)
(6327)
(7)
(6)
(191)
(6)
(79682)
(4846)
(12)
(9)
(6)
(56)
(4)
(5)
(4)
(79)
(1504)
(152)
(839)
(56)
(1160)
(6)
(538)
(220)
(8)
(4)
(83)
(1707)
(115)
(61)
(2398)
(390)
(860)
(7)
(747)
(623)
(296)
(381)
(5)
(990)
(15)
(13)
(27)
(1154)
(2145)
(34)
(9)
(183)
(89)
(18)
(11)
(5459)
(15)
(5)
(4)
(4)
(29)
(11)
(4)
(1630)
(125)
(4)
(166)
(4)
(180)
(145)
(51)
(63)
(166)
(52)
(34)
(4)
(106)
(3240)
(5)
(7)
(31)
(7)
(14)
(840)
(205)
(37)
(406)
(10)
(8)
(15)
(19)
(23)
(100)
(4)
(759)
(262)
(10)
(1848)
(32)
(4)
(5)
(783)
(7)
(62)
(44)
(110)
(4)
(30)
(132)
(32)
(16)
(4)
(138)
(9)
(16)
(680)
(907)
(1340)
(22)
(12)
(4)
(4)
(25)
(50)
(8)
(933)
(3138)
(4)
(115)
(720)
(54)
(454)
(6)
(601)
(7)
(7)
(26)
(66)
(6)
(305)
(62)
(23)
(31)
(359)
(5)
(124)
(4)
(708)
(4)
(98)
(3093)
(313)
(8)
(17)
(17)
(4)
(4)
(259)
(9203)
(17)
(11)
(4)
(47)
(121)
(12)
(4)
(4)
(7)
(88)
(15)
(7)
0 of 1000
(76)
(64)
(38)
(49)
(38)
(51)
(50)
(113)
(79)
(93)
(60)
(38)
(46)
(36)
(51)
(107)
(246)
(56)
(60)
(81)
(277)
(86)
(106)
(43)
(57)
(135)
(48)
(126)
(37)
(44)
(73)
(42)
(44)
(72)
(38)
(98)
(39)
(226)
(42)
(38)
(69)
(71)
(64)
(122)
(54)
(77)
(62)
(37)
(151)
(142)
(52)
(51)
(43)
(63)
(68)
(36)
(49)
(70)
(50)
(52)
(45)
(61)
(173)
(63)
(38)
(59)
(38)
(88)
(41)
(39)
(68)
(59)
(50)
(45)
(54)
(55)
(38)
(103)
(123)
(43)
(59)
(69)
(53)
(80)
(69)
(53)
(42)
(80)
(58)
(147)
(43)
(45)
(99)
(37)
(46)
(47)
(88)
(92)
(37)
(45)
(85)
(78)
(37)
(37)
(55)
(38)
(66)
(44)
(55)
(82)
(45)
(59)
(82)
(159)
(62)
(42)
(129)
(84)
(40)
(91)
(60)
(108)
(70)
(47)
(75)
(60)
(177)
(36)
(44)
(38)
(40)
(99)
(43)
(60)
(73)
(68)
(926)
(86)
(48)
(39)
(45)
(189)
(47)
(36)
(61)
(36)
(60)
(129)
(101)
(71)
(72)
(39)
(147)
(39)
(88)
(37)
(75)
(41)
(43)
(108)
(37)
(39)
(47)
(249)
(59)
(77)
(124)
(36)
(41)
(93)
(44)
(41)
(41)
(57)
(140)
(66)
(45)
(131)
(59)
(55)
(49)
(58)
(64)
(38)
(48)
(37)
(47)
(56)
(143)
(46)
(72)
(38)
(38)
(55)
(72)
(138)
(37)
(103)
(82)
(49)
(117)
(43)
(87)
(84)
(38)
(36)
(51)
(82)
(42)
(42)
(51)
(41)
(47)
(44)
(58)
(41)
(79)
(47)
(52)
(53)
(66)
(170)
(48)
(39)
(157)
(82)
(49)
(37)
(46)
(60)
(98)
(59)
(126)
(41)
(80)
(71)
(224)
(100)
(51)
(122)
(41)
(39)
(51)
(42)
(47)
(37)
(39)
(71)
(84)
(140)
(44)
(56)
(52)
(171)
(38)
(45)
(42)
(167)
(40)
(48)
(36)
(76)
(119)
(71)
(39)
(86)
(58)
(41)
(39)
(55)
(69)
(55)
(56)
(213)
(155)
(39)
(59)
(75)
(83)
(41)
(52)
(88)
(83)
(38)
(43)
(87)
(85)
(56)
(54)
(65)
(47)
(56)
(62)
(81)
(208)
(49)
(73)
(61)
(47)
(36)
(183)
(38)
(45)
(45)
(105)
(43)
(82)
(93)
(44)
(85)
(40)
(46)
(62)
(53)
(48)
(44)
(97)
(39)
(65)
(56)
(49)
(69)
(43)
(147)
(44)
(42)
(46)
(54)
(45)
(125)
(39)
(60)
(74)
(198)
(85)
(250)
(77)
(87)
(37)
(256)
(97)
(78)
(65)
(175)
(92)
(37)
(78)
(55)
(84)
(44)
(62)
(60)
(112)
(37)
(36)
(134)
(63)
(44)
(77)
(252)
(38)
(66)
(40)
(89)
(36)
(117)
(56)
(37)
(108)
(78)
(156)
(68)
(38)
(194)
(43)
(86)
(59)
(46)
(62)
(54)
(38)
(76)
(49)
(61)
(44)
(88)
(49)
(51)
(51)
(43)
(97)
(49)
(41)
(93)
(121)
(109)
(46)
(164)
(47)
(72)
(63)
(92)
(48)
(83)
(125)
(44)
(43)
(102)
(45)
(44)
(56)
(38)
(63)
(94)
(44)
(75)
(78)
(36)
(95)
(51)
(38)
(82)
(209)
(65)
(59)
(77)
(37)
(108)
(240)
(51)
(44)
(104)
(67)
(55)
(48)
(46)
(45)
(53)
(47)
(39)
(82)
(49)
(47)
(49)
(54)
(38)
(59)
(63)
(71)
(41)
(70)
(92)
(159)
(45)
(56)
(71)
(67)
(61)
(78)
(54)
(59)
(51)
(36)
(36)
(104)
(37)
(63)
(250)
(80)
(39)
(40)
(49)
(40)
(42)
(98)
(40)
(106)
(46)
(91)
(36)
(131)
(39)
(91)
(55)
(73)
(51)
(44)
(69)
(37)
(82)
(44)
(91)
(155)
(40)
(75)
(42)
(55)
(54)
(39)
(61)
(43)
(62)
(59)
(60)
(84)
(176)
(45)
(120)
(45)
(235)
(60)
(67)
(94)
(38)
(79)
(71)
(87)
(63)
(70)
(96)
(71)
(68)
(56)
(44)
(122)
(101)
(44)
(55)
(63)
(49)
(75)
(47)
(44)
(106)
(56)
(57)
(46)
(160)
(45)
(76)
(44)
(40)
(59)
(46)
(68)
(37)
(52)
(55)
(44)
(37)
(40)
(58)
(64)
(42)
(49)
(116)
(63)
(127)
(48)
(54)
(88)
(79)
(42)
(76)
(103)
(59)
(54)
(37)
(80)
(84)
(45)
(70)
(63)
(46)
(58)
(40)
(108)
(53)
(102)
(78)
(55)
(177)
(40)
(38)
(114)
(108)
(70)
(61)
(40)
(49)
(155)
(96)
(95)
(37)
(89)
(47)
(60)
(97)
(38)
(65)
(67)
(84)
(51)
(48)
(201)
(48)
(44)
(67)
(81)
(54)
(37)
(45)
(37)
(52)
(186)
(44)
(41)
(104)
(41)
(51)
(85)
(58)
(40)
(44)
(41)
(59)
(171)
(42)
(37)
(68)
(86)
(43)
(46)
(52)
(40)
(54)
(43)
(50)
(38)
(38)
(91)
(37)
(43)
(49)
(122)
(53)
(39)
(47)
(56)
(152)
(44)
(74)
(262)
(47)
(49)
(57)
(56)
(216)
(144)
(45)
(130)
(164)
(42)
(45)
(98)
(68)
(39)
(48)
(64)
(41)
(38)
(69)
(134)
(63)
(37)
(58)
(65)
(51)
(45)
(155)
(49)
(69)
(122)
(53)
(79)
(148)
(41)
(52)
(51)
(49)
(39)
(105)
(37)
(37)
(39)
(93)
(46)
(162)
(40)
(43)
(166)
(60)
(152)
(58)
(119)
(38)
(40)
(101)
(58)
(48)
(49)
(41)
(111)
(61)
(71)
(41)
(46)
(43)
(42)
(41)
(151)
(58)
(42)
(42)
(64)
(84)
(53)
(110)
(53)
(43)
(78)
(103)
(43)
(109)
(59)
(132)
(67)
(54)
(53)
(96)
(46)
(119)
(78)
(68)
(47)
(222)
(39)
(57)
(40)
(59)
(172)
(52)
(67)
(92)
(57)
(271)
(43)
(43)
(38)
(99)
(37)
(40)
(90)
(82)
(85)
(43)
(92)
(39)
(168)
(68)
(99)
(51)
(68)
(65)
(49)
(78)
(125)
(124)
(37)
(71)
(52)
(39)
(40)
(71)
(68)
(45)
(89)
(155)
(48)
(286)
(70)
(40)
(53)
(53)
(50)
(189)
(57)
(53)
(114)
(40)
(42)
(37)
(46)
(43)
(67)
(44)
(95)
(227)
(42)
(79)
(39)
(227)
(70)
(161)
(40)
(82)
(49)
(87)
(55)
(95)
(62)
(102)
(113)
(50)
(78)
(39)
(43)
(65)
(44)
(45)
(122)
(51)
(108)
(54)
(55)
(46)
(40)
(40)
(55)
(51)
(79)
(90)
(58)
(52)
(52)
(37)
(50)
(95)
(95)
(58)
(220)
(226)
(38)
(52)
(169)
(37)
(62)
(70)
(43)
(37)
(92)
(156)
(55)
(46)
(49)
(56)
(52)
(89)
(62)
(42)
(60)
(57)
(96)
(53)
(43)
(55)
(59)
(85)
(92)
(40)
(40)
(74)
(104)
(234)
(99)
(55)
(61)
(101)
(71)
(55)
(54)
(69)
(103)
(107)
(38)
(37)
(121)
(61)
(85)
(69)
(39)
(58)
(61)
(289)
(42)
(59)
(42)
(72)
(194)
(113)
(86)
(105)
(112)
(37)
(59)
(70)
(81)
(46)
(55)
(88)
(189)
(41)
(41)
(118)
(59)
(51)
(63)
(50)
(71)
(43)
(48)
(137)
(84)
(50)
(48)
(85)
(38)
(103)
(68)
(68)
(51)
(133)
(37)
(128)
(59)
(40)
(108)
(75)
(48)
(60)
(45)
(73)
(47)
(106)
(63)
(46)
(59)
(45)
(45)
(179)
(84)
(82)
(38)
(58)
(47)
(40)
(76)
(54)
(61)
(80)
(45)
(42)
(48)
(71)
(99)
(87)
(97)
(119)
(64)
(54)
(49)
(39)
(64)
(43)
(98)
(99)
(51)
(40)
(53)
(45)
(46)
(59)
(50)
(137)
(80)
(38)
(43)
(82)
(71)
(54)
0 of 1000
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(11)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(64)
(1)
(65)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(5)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(69)
(85)
(2)
(125)
(117)
(270)
(1)
(1)
(55)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(21)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(67)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(9)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(49)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(3)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(57)
(48)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(15)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(605)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(12)
(77)
(52)
(1)
(8)
(2)
(8)
(35)
(9)
(2)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(5)
(105)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(31)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(31)
(2)
(2)
(7)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(19)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(20)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(14)
(14)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(220)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(3)
(23)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(134)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(230)
(1)
(1)
(11)
(1)
(2)
(13)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(29)
(2)
(21)
(21)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(246)
(52)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(217)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(5)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(228)
(49)
(53)
(1)
(210)
(1)
(187)
(2)
(184)
(47)
(47)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(35)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(9)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(53)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(14)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(8879)
(2)
(1)
(4)
(18)
(1)
(1)
(47)
(8)
(8)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(35)
(3)
(1)
(234)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(22)
(23)
(3)
(9)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(315)
(2)
(739)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(3)
(19)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(110)
(1)
(2)
(36)
(2)
(1)
(4)
(6)
(1)
(4)
(124)
(13)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(17)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(33)
(59)
(18)
(77)
(29)
(1)
(9)
(1)
(1)
(24)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(16)
(24)
(1)
(1)
(186)
(211)
(30)
(30)
(32)
(65)
(1)
(62)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(10)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(10)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(27)
(3)
(3)
(11)
(52)
(52)
(52)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(150)
(41)
(38)
(8)
(8)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(25)
(1)
(1)
(25)
(1)
(3)
(13)
(15)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(48)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1125)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(9)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(40)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(12)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(20)
(1)
(1)
(10)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(38)
(94)
(1)
(283)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(84)
(7)
(1)
(19)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(14)
(7)
(1)
(2)
(715)
(127)
(49)
(47)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(34)
(34)
(1)
(34)
(12)
(106)
(1)
(106)
(2)
(14)
(2)
(2)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(45)
(45)
(1)
(1)
0 of 738
(1)
(205)
(21)
(1)
(114)
(129)
(679)
(92)
(186)
(66)
(1)
(185)
(1)
(8)
(168)
(2484)
(1015)
(12)
(1)
(62)
(77)
(5)
(256)
(791)
(1)
(1)
(123)
(1)
(1524)
(667)
(2372)
(260)
(1)
(8016)
(455)
(1)
(3140)
(6)
(206)
(355)
(33)
(1668)
(237)
(165)
(3)
(21)
(81)
(5262)
(1)
(5)
(51)
(116)
(4)
(27)
(96)
(2)
(1041)
(5)
(27)
(13)
(1)
(727)
(5)
(4)
(828)
(3)
(29)
(1725)
(2)
(11)
(64)
(2052)
(7)
(5)
(688)
(10)
(1)
(1)
(237)
(46)
(13)
(139)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1170)
(6)
(2)
(1)
(5)
(3956)
(1932)
(64)
(428)
(746)
(269)
(15)
(413)
(7)
(299)
(602)
(530)
(2)
(1125)
(12)
(384)
(8)
(49)
(1246)
(192)
(37)
(86)
(1)
0 of 114
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(4)
(590)
(2)
(5)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(6)
(1)
(4)
(8)
(4)
(35)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(109)
(4)
(910)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(19)
(4)
(6)
(3)
(422)
(7)
(7)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(77)
(2)
(2)
(68)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(185)
(4)
(2)
(19)
(2)
(2)
(4)
(2)
(36)
(2)
(28)
(2)
(4)
(229)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(29)
(2)
(20)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(39)
(1)
(28)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(57)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(832)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(4)
(7)
(7)
(1)
(2)
(13)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(9)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(8)
(7)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(6)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(6)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(4)
(13)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(6)
(9)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(12)
(2)
(7)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(175)
(32)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(13)
(1)
(3)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(4)
(22)
(3)
(7)
(2)
(1)
(7)
(9)
(41)
(9)
(6)
(12)
(6)
(19)
(2)
(4)
(5)
(8)
(1)
(4)
(33)
(5)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(25)
(12)
(3)
(8)
(3)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(2)
(15)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(4)
(10)
(2)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(9)
(1)
(6)
(7)
(18)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(6)
(8)
(5)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(19)
(3)
(3)
(7)
(6)
(3)
(4)
(7)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(4)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(15)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(4)
(4)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(32)
(2)
(5)
(3)
(3)
(27)
(20)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(5)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(4)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(64)
(1)
(44)
(34)
(7)
(14)
(1)
(3)
(11)
(30)
(8)
(7)
(3)
(5)
(1)
(39)
(1)
(33)
(1)
(110)
(4)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(12)
(3)
(32)
(1)
(1)
(10)
(1)
(9)
(1)
(16)
(41)
(1)
(14)
(1)
(2)
(39)
(1)
(5)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(8)
(22)
(84)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(17)
(26)
(3)
(7)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(6)
(5)
(4)
(1)
(17)
(10)
(15)
(5)
(4)
(12)
(3)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(4)
(2)
(5)
(5)
(11)
(6)
(49)
(10)
(21)
(5)
(1)
(55)
(8)
(3)
(6)
(9)
(33)
(2)
(19)
(8)
(2)
(1)
(24)
(26)
(36)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(11)
(12)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(2)
(5)
(3)
(2)
(8)
(4)
(13)
(7)
(2)
(3)
(6)
(2)
(8)
(3)
(29)
(15)
(6)
(2)
(4)
(5)
(3)
(10)
(7)
(12)
(10)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(9)
(2)
(5)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(3)
(4)
(11)
(3)
(10)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(5)
(3)
(2)
(6)
(3)
(4)
(8)
(5)
(13)
(2)
(2)
(6)
(8)
(6)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(7)
(8)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(64)
(11)
(4)
(2)
(15)
(23)
(2)
(10)
(4)
(4)
(24)
(7)
(70)
(2)
(16)
(11)
(17)
(47)
(36)
(9)
(5)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(8)
(19)
(14)
(2)
(9)
(3)
(7)
(2)
(4)
(10)
(4)
(8)
(7)
(7)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(4)
(6)
(40)
(4)
(3)
(6)
(4)
(13)
(11)
(5)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(2)
(17)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(44)
(11)
(5)
(16)
(37)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(7)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(8)
(16)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(6)
(3)
(14)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(5)
(60)
(2)
(10)
(5)
(4)
(3)
(6)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(4)
(9)
(4)
(9)
(7)
(2)
(10)
(3)
(6)
(2)
(6)
(16)
(2)
(4)
(16)
(2)
(10)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(14)
(23)
(55)
(6)
(2)
(5)
(153)
(3)
(3)
(12)
(24)
(9)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(61)
(47)
(6)
(9)
(7)
(2)
(9)
(5)
(9)
(2)
(4)
(7)
(4)
(6)
(2)
(2)
(8)
(3)
(15)
(7)
(3)
(48)
(23)
(30)
(5)
(8)
(54)
(2)
(3)
(17)
(3)
(9)
(27)
(6)
(12)
(9)
(2)
(3)
(9)
(7)
(2)
(29)
(9)
(40)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(20)
(1)
(8)
(2)
(11)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(14)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(20)
(7)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(11)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(6)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(7)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(10)
(2)
(6)
(2)
(4)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(4)
(2)
(12)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(19)
(3)
(4)
(6)
(14)
(5)
(10)
(3)
(5)
(4)
(30)
(2)
(5)
(3)
(2)
(6)
(6)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(2)
(4)
(3)
(4)
(29)
(2)
(5)
(23)
(16)
(4)
(2)
(5)
(3)
(8)
(2)
(5)
(2)
(4)
(18)
(3)
0 of 1000
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(12)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(6)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(11)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(11)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(10)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(4)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(5)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(4)
(3)
(4)
(3)
(3)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(3109)
0 of 1000
(2675)
(2)
(24)
(30)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(2508)
(1)
(118)
(16)
(4)
(28)
(5)
(56)
(142)
(372)
(76)
(261)
(89)
(98)
(557)
(236)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(1)
(7)
(514)
(1288)
(10)
(2)
(1)
(8)
(4)
(2986)
(2179)
(7)
(1)
(13)
(7)
(8)
(176)
(204)
(3)
(2)
(4)
(181)
(1)
(587)
(1)
(2)
(43)
(905)
(18)
(2)
(765)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(69)
(43)
(138)
(14)
(659)
(542)
(26)
(143)
(85)
(39)
(48)
(61)
(15)
(44)
(25)
(7)
(1715)
(135)
(4)
(2)
(1)
(374)
(1)
(497)
(8)
(5)
(18)
(3)
(33)
(3)
(1)
(147)
(5)
(68)
(5)
(193)
(19)
0 of 97
(4)
(17)
(111)
(15)
(21)
(269)
(23)
(13)
(3)
(397)
(429)
(11)
(79)
(36)
(9)
(41)
(3)
(8)
(4)
(16)
(17)
(5)
(1)
(3)
(5)
(6)
(73)
(2)
(20)
(44)
(35)
(92)
(22)
(22)
(47)
(18)
(113)
(3)
(18)
(9)
(13)
(4)
(11)
(1)
(10)
(38)
(3)
(9)
(17)
(10)
(24)
(12)
(9)
(24)
(2)
(10)
0 of 56
(456)
(3)
(14)
(173)
(887)
(392)
(40)
(2812)
(618)
(2)
(239)
(44)
(100)
(121)
(55)
(281)
(7)
(103)
(207)
(19)
(110)
(1)
(96)
(100)
(824)
(160)
(215)
(218)
(229)
(3)
(258)
(41)
(15)
(30)
(4)
(75)
(511)
(44)
(27)
(74)
(113)
(35)
0 of 42
(1)
(635)
(5715)
(1)
(6)
(6)
(299)
(21)
(2)
(2)
(208)
(38)
(1749)
(16)
(2)
(1739)
(79)
(3)
(36)
(138)
(1)
(5)
(3)
(36)
(1)
(902)
(10)
(5926)
(1)
(406)
(1)
(15)
(4)
(10)
(400)
(1)
(2)
(1268)
(8)
(716)
(1)
(8353)
(3410)
(294)
(1761)
(1)
(3)
(1002)
(83)
(1)
(25)
(1)
(197)
(1)
(189)
(2)
(23)
(2)
(5)
(1)
(282)
(280)
(5)
(33677)
(2)
(15)
(299)
(28)
(2)
(5)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(18)
(4)
(6)
(1013)
(6)
(1)
(910)
(86)
(820)
(2)
(407)
(4)
(3)
(133)
(4)
(12)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(60)
(5)
(6747)
(42)
(3)
(5765)
(116)
(1)
(13)
(238)
(1)
(47)
(1)
(3)
(4)
(2)
(16)
(14)
(421)
(279)
(1)
(330)
(293)
(31)
(17)
(174)
(2)
(72)
(1)
0 of 123
(3057)
(917)
(3721)
(342)
(450)
(354)
(835)
(3806)
(139)
(526)
(659)
(228)
(308)
(1503)
(1268)
(1018)
(540)
(635)
(269)
(447)
(1267)
(608)
(311)
(1660)
(505)
(246)
(370)
(730)
(2353)
(138)
(1042)
(144)
(411)
(370)
(376)
(306)
(605)
(532)
(233)
(1336)
(232)
(209)
(639)
(170)
(1004)
(146)
(297)
(187)
(139)
(195)
(160)
(429)
(227)
(252)
(161)
(358)
(324)
(351)
(205)
(368)
(472)
(1187)
(411)
(1077)
(176)
(222)
(247)
(254)
(1386)
(145)
(1895)
(647)
(202)
(150)
(231)
(151)
(242)
(296)
(148)
(381)
(236)
(157)
(156)
(146)
(176)
(522)
(189)
(501)
(166)
(1356)
(211)
(183)
(154)
(309)
(146)
(165)
(151)
(209)
(1008)
(341)
(149)
(502)
(187)
(248)
(144)
(1205)
(158)
(147)
(1273)
(277)
(138)
(159)
(156)
(241)
(140)
(140)
(237)
(195)
(297)
(255)
(612)
(184)
(168)
(1398)
(512)
(217)
(178)
(140)
(171)
(462)
(347)
(1037)
(186)
(456)
(264)
(294)
(422)
(594)
(403)
(177)
(356)
(158)
(484)
(257)
(413)
(534)
(199)
(141)
(143)
(376)
(673)
(198)
(539)
(319)
(385)
(196)
(212)
(694)
(383)
(230)
(259)
(301)
(1264)
(266)
(184)
(248)
(171)
(142)
(164)
(139)
(170)
(179)
(352)
(514)
(1340)
(183)
(150)
(248)
(149)
(459)
(403)
(289)
(740)
(154)
(162)
(207)
(147)
(349)
(234)
(329)
(235)
(241)
(1455)
(556)
(1443)
(294)
(303)
(1645)
(251)
(708)
(141)
(864)
(381)
(1283)
(151)
(157)
(189)
(510)
(430)
(197)
(208)
(341)
(255)
(143)
(248)
(262)
(182)
(145)
(166)
(170)
(1292)
(605)
(182)
(367)
(152)
(159)
(263)
(320)
(245)
(146)
(163)
(407)
(158)
(263)
(759)
(178)
(224)
(151)
(151)
(630)
(297)
(252)
(627)
(412)
(257)
(600)
(231)
(1088)
(461)
(562)
(228)
(162)
(530)
(1122)
(1944)
(172)
(446)
(228)
(212)
(242)
(238)
(266)
(922)
(230)
(207)
(503)
(181)
(193)
(165)
(150)
(790)
(293)
(182)
(147)
(390)
(292)
(283)
(962)
(316)
(395)
(167)
(831)
(539)
(417)
(269)
(252)
(255)
(773)
(206)
(144)
(188)
(170)
(176)
(200)
(4739)
(225)
(887)
(909)
(643)
(539)
(202)
(382)
(311)
(306)
(319)
(2117)
(203)
(292)
(170)
(238)
(220)
(2582)
(3844)
(1020)
(820)
(1345)
(176)
(2013)
(154)
(200)
(206)
(149)
(235)
(258)
(562)
(668)
(1774)
(667)
(1279)
(535)
(325)
(208)
(676)
(495)
(238)
(897)
(373)
(221)
(222)
(204)
(670)
(210)
(251)
(192)
(254)
(145)
(142)
(173)
(169)
(358)
(239)
(192)
(158)
(202)
(407)
(396)
(169)
(531)
(310)
(202)
(738)
(333)
(159)
(383)
(233)
(422)
(165)
(360)
(265)
(400)
(306)
(251)
(188)
(189)
(312)
(230)
(1053)
(773)
(184)
(159)
(195)
(376)
(217)
(1794)
(488)
(491)
(617)
(437)
(1096)
(1298)
(342)
(386)
(256)
(176)
(790)
(502)
(218)
(381)
(668)
(140)
(288)
(972)
(218)
(220)
(566)
(197)
(286)
(294)
(214)
(157)
(172)
(511)
(300)
(206)
(175)
(315)
(154)
(198)
(174)
(279)
(244)
(475)
(160)
(200)
(199)
(164)
(245)
(4694)
(214)
(153)
(156)
(226)
(194)
(227)
(428)
(204)
(576)
(142)
(248)
(442)
(215)
(358)
(473)
(506)
(159)
(188)
(202)
(262)
(171)
(252)
(949)
(215)
(181)
(195)
(307)
(180)
(395)
(444)
(149)
(215)
(315)
(565)
(406)
(348)
(655)
(150)
(7043)
(4695)
(2132)
(297)
(564)
(427)
(169)
(184)
(248)
(282)
(307)
(596)
(169)
(138)
(223)
(2391)
(323)
(1058)
(160)
(815)
(418)
(321)
(157)
(313)
(228)
(246)
(140)
(207)
(158)
(213)
(139)
(167)
(162)
(278)
(254)
(295)
(156)
(753)
(516)
(436)
(780)
(1115)
(255)
(675)
(658)
(161)
(231)
(158)
(445)
(242)
(283)
(213)
(385)
(351)
(267)
(292)
(275)
(144)
(163)
(284)
(148)
(256)
(1140)
(256)
(391)
(180)
(148)
(257)
(310)
(162)
(465)
(539)
(201)
(524)
(170)
(267)
(255)
(147)
(212)
(197)
(256)
(2622)
(230)
(185)
(888)
(147)
(373)
(283)
(270)
(235)
(181)
(165)
(620)
(149)
(140)
(154)
(175)
(174)
(606)
(239)
(165)
(140)
(159)
(542)
(308)
(168)
(166)
(928)
(175)
(178)
(772)
(630)
(2585)
(225)
(996)
(160)
(2420)
(190)
(232)
(166)
(534)
(538)
(419)
(443)
(362)
(153)
(1054)
(1105)
(284)
(340)
(540)
(183)
(487)
(799)
(970)
(281)
(146)
(159)
(245)
(468)
(925)
(1528)
(755)
(272)
(456)
(142)
(317)
(346)
(1279)
(192)
(211)
(192)
(163)
(306)
(291)
(175)
(5912)
(793)
(163)
(1476)
(2180)
(1706)
(706)
(1626)
(154)
(690)
(198)
(237)
(691)
(511)
(348)
(184)
(356)
(205)
(797)
(560)
(155)
(360)
(681)
(665)
(3598)
(1955)
(1795)
(606)
(287)
(234)
(779)
(173)
(202)
(152)
(1285)
(192)
(396)
(464)
(326)
(259)
(139)
(138)
(334)
(207)
(510)
(297)
(172)
(337)
(151)
(647)
(197)
(147)
(432)
(603)
(783)
(1072)
(1668)
(368)
(441)
(468)
(567)
(342)
(153)
(147)
(212)
(180)
(168)
(176)
(165)
(382)
(139)
(330)
(788)
(244)
(139)
(2237)
(206)
(160)
(205)
(332)
(141)
(251)
(167)
(182)
(795)
(1882)
(254)
(936)
(770)
(395)
(258)
(203)
(146)
(141)
(160)
(198)
(403)
(161)
(180)
(451)
(264)
(178)
(284)
(640)
(359)
(217)
(286)
(501)
(206)
(145)
(297)
(595)
(192)
(153)
(288)
(158)
(200)
(235)
(334)
(212)
(151)
(149)
(268)
(888)
(158)
(795)
(489)
(214)
(251)
(205)
(157)
(321)
(889)
(1260)
(197)
(262)
(477)
(689)
(338)
(345)
(222)
(197)
(399)
(372)
(172)
(179)
(193)
(403)
(349)
(283)
(438)
(872)
(597)
(808)
(339)
(820)
(2764)
(189)
(141)
(149)
(456)
(284)
(152)
(886)
(238)
(1381)
(755)
(509)
(207)
(331)
(265)
(242)
(217)
(420)
(435)
(181)
(274)
(259)
(139)
(274)
(177)
(187)
(863)
(424)
(452)
(934)
(240)
(156)
(346)
(202)
(1075)
(500)
(749)
(2982)
(393)
(151)
(213)
(193)
(200)
(755)
(2266)
(3408)
(257)
(489)
(2350)
(256)
(171)
(154)
(241)
(372)
(233)
(177)
(1046)
(182)
(210)
(193)
(2894)
(310)
(2134)
(3339)
(1485)
(158)
(2408)
(1326)
(1082)
(215)
(1102)
(358)
(805)
(1383)
(448)
(348)
(325)
(1464)
(310)
(745)
(191)
(146)
(142)
(309)
(414)
(616)
(199)
(233)
(164)
(232)
(210)
(860)
(219)
(352)
(449)
(325)
(257)
(303)
(254)
(339)
(713)
(414)
(147)
(216)
(263)
(226)
(194)
(240)
(177)
(298)
(580)
(201)
(629)
(484)
(246)
(589)
(209)
(327)
(696)
(3486)
(1123)
(298)
(934)
(198)
(193)
(139)
(1813)
(156)
(1275)
(489)
(258)
(305)
(237)
(157)
(258)
(262)
(144)
(139)
(285)
(475)
(885)
(415)
(353)
(206)
(152)
(287)
(138)
(1270)
(633)
(624)
(3803)
(286)
(210)
(3632)
(928)
(329)
(459)
(593)
(244)
(433)
(160)
(451)
(1675)
(733)
(613)
(311)
(468)
(144)
(411)
(151)
(1270)
(240)
(199)
(904)
(208)
(375)
(245)
(318)
(163)
(146)
(178)
(183)
(265)
(233)
(222)
(159)
(139)
(179)
(224)
(184)
(314)
(336)
(162)
(2991)
(1921)
(1555)
(144)
(3037)
(255)
(1869)
(236)
(1775)
(3135)
(2060)
(2126)
(180)
(914)
(4162)
(946)
(371)
(196)
(472)
(173)
(506)
(1577)
(247)
(169)
(431)
(308)
(625)
(588)
(336)
0 of 1000
(1)
(1)
(1)
0 of 3
Showing 661 - 680 of 82805 results
  • Surface Reaction of Electroosmotic FlowDriven Free Antigens with Immobilized MagneticMicrobeadsTaggedAntibodies in Microchannels
    Surface Reaction of Electroosmotic Flow-Driven Free Antigens with Immobilized Magnetic-Microbeads-Tagged-Antibodies in Microchannels
    Ajiboye IO ;
    Banerjee RK
    2024/09/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    Immunoassays based on reactions between target pathogen (antigen; Ag) and antibody (Ab) are frequently used for Ag detection. An external magnetic field was used to immobilize magnetic microbeads-tagged-antibodies (mMB-Ab) on the surface of a microchannel in the capture zone. The mMB-Ab was subsequently used for Ag detection. The objective of this ...
  • Assessing the Accuracy of a Wireless Sensor System for Estimating Lumbar Moments During Manual Lifting Tasks Considering the Effects of Load Weight Asymmetry and Height
    Assessing the Accuracy of a Wireless Sensor System for Estimating Lumbar Moments During Manual Lifting Tasks Considering the Effects of Load Weight, Asymmetry, and Height
    Bani Hani D ;
    Chen H
    2024/09/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    This study assessed the accuracy of L5/S1 moment estimates calculated with an Inertial Motion Capture (IMC) system during an asymmetrical and variable height lifting task. The effects of load weight, asymmetry, and lifting height on estimates of lumbar moment have not been comprehensively considered in studies using IMC systems. Thirty-six particip ...
  • Portable XRay Fluorescence for Bone Lead Measurement Current Approaches and Future Directions
    Portable X-Ray Fluorescence for Bone Lead Measurement: Current Approaches and Future Directions
    Grier T ;
    Hoover C
    2024/09/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    Purpose of Review: Legacy lead exposures persist as a widespread problem. Blood lead is traditionally used for lead exposure surveillance; however, bone lead proves to be a cheaper, more accessible, and more revealing tool for surveillance that can be measured using portable x-ray fluorescence techniques. We outline how this approach excels for bon ...
  • Precarious Employment and Mental Health in the United States Results from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey MEPS 20082021
    Precarious Employment and Mental Health in the United States: Results from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), 2008–2021
    Asfaw A ;
    Bhattacharya, Amit
    2024/09/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    Objectives: To measure associations between employment precarity and mental health among United States (US) workers. Methods: This study used data from the US Medical Expenditure Panel Survey for 2008-2021. Multivariable generalized estimating equations were used to measure associations between employment precarity (operationalized as a multi-dimen ...
    Public Domain
  • MicroRNAMediated KrppelLike Factor 4 Upregulation Induces Alternatively Activated MacrophageAssociated Marker and Chemokine Transcription in 44Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate Exposed Macrophages
    MicroRNA-Mediated Krüppel-Like Factor 4 Upregulation Induces Alternatively Activated Macrophage-Associated Marker and Chemokine Transcription in 4,4′-Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate Exposed Macrophages
    Hettick JM ;
    Law, Brandon F.
    2024/09/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    1. Occupational exposure to 4,4'-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) is associated with occupational asthma (OA) development. Alveolar macrophage-induced recruitment of immune cells to the lung microenvironment plays an important role during asthma pathogenesis. Previous studies identified that MDI/MDI-glutathione (GSH)-exposure downregulates end ...
    Public Domain
  • Save Your Back Comparison of the Compressive Force on the Lower Back Based on Differences in the Training Techniques
    Save Your Back: Comparison of the Compressive Force on the Lower Back Based on Differences in the Training Techniques
    Callihan ML ;
    Law E
    2024/09/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    Introduction: Musculoskeletal injury prevention for nurses is aimed at removing the need to manually position patients. In the ED, this is not always possible or practical. The purpose of this study is to compare the calculated estimated compressive force on the lumbar spine between recommended lifting techniques and the SHAPE lifting method during ...
  • Cost of Agricultural Injuries in the United States Estimates Based on Surveillance Insurance and Government Statistics
    Cost of Agricultural Injuries in the United States: Estimates Based on Surveillance, Insurance, and Government Statistics
    Adhikari S ;
    Rautiainen, Risto
    2024/09/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    Background: Agriculture is a hazardous industry but the frequency and severity of agricultural injuries are not well documented as nonfatal injuries to self-employed farmers are excluded from national surveillance. The aim of this study was to provide new injury rate and cost estimates in US agriculture. Methods: Injury data were obtained from 2018 ...
  • Evaluation of Respirable Dust and Respirable Crystalline Silica Exposures During Asphalt Mix Production and Road Paving Operations
    Evaluation of Respirable Dust and Respirable Crystalline Silica Exposures During Asphalt Mix Production and Road Paving Operations
    Methner, Mark M.
    2024/09/01 | Health Hazard Evaluation Reports (HHE)
    Management from an asphalt mix production and paving company requested a health hazard evaluation concerning employee exposure to respirable dust and respirable crystalline silica during asphalt mix production and road paving activities. During our site visits, we observed work processes and practices, equipment type and usage, and workplace condit ...
    Public Domain
  • Women in Coal MiningRadiographic Findings of Women Participants in the Coal Workers Health Surveillance Program 19702022
    Women in Coal Mining-Radiographic Findings of Women Participants in the Coal Workers’ Health Surveillance Program 1970–2022
    Blackley DJ ;
    Hall NB
    2024/09/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    Objective: To describe the work experience and respiratory health of women coal miners in the United States using Coal Workers' Health Surveillance Program (CWHSP) data. Methods: Analysis included CWHSP participants with self-reported sex of female between January 1, 1970, and December 31, 2022, and examined radiographic surveillance, demographics, ...
    Public Domain
  • Understanding Contributing Factors to Exoskeleton UseIntention in Construction A Decision Tree Approach Using Results from an Online Survey
    Understanding Contributing Factors to Exoskeleton Use-Intention in Construction: A Decision Tree Approach Using Results from an Online Survey
    Barr A ;
    Gutierrez N
    2024/09/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are a major health concern in the construction industry. Occupational exoskeletons (EXOs) are a promising ergonomic intervention to help reduce WMSD risk. Their adoption, however, has been low in construction. To understand the contributing factors to EXO use-intention and assist in future decision-mak ...
  • Pilot Study to Assess the Effectiveness of the Sustainable Culturally Adaptive Nutrition Program SCAN to Improve Adherence to the National Diabetes Prevention Program
    Pilot Study to Assess the Effectiveness of the Sustainable Culturally Adaptive Nutrition Program (SCAN) to Improve Adherence to the National Diabetes Prevention Program
    Almohamad M ;
    Beg SS
    2024/09/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    Purpose: The Sustainable Culturally Adapted Nutrition Program (SCAN) is a novel adaptation to the National Diabetes Prevention Program (NDPP) that aims to improve attendance and effectiveness. This paper presents its feasibility and impact through the initial 6-month outcomes. Design: A pragmatic quasi-experimental pilot study with intervention (DP ...
  • Organic Dust Exposure Enhances SARSCoV2 Entry in a PKCa and ADAM17Dependent Manner
    Organic Dust Exposure Enhances SARS-CoV-2 Entry in a PKCa- and ADAM-17-Dependent Manner
    Bauer CD ;
    Muralidharan A
    2024/09/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, has had a global impact, affecting millions over the last three years. Pre-existing lung diseases adversely affect the prognosis of infected COVID-19 patients, and agricultural workers routinely exposed to inhalable organic dusts have substantial increased risk for developing chronic lung di ...
  • Multiple Forms of Perceived Job Discrimination and Hypertension Risk Among Employed Women Findings from the Sister Study
    Multiple Forms of Perceived Job Discrimination and Hypertension Risk Among Employed Women: Findings from the Sister Study
    Arah OA ;
    Coates MM
    2024/09/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    Background: Hypertension has been linked to socially patterned stressors, including discrimination. Few studies have quantified the risk of hypertension associated with exposure to perceived job discrimination. Methods: We used prospective cohort data from the Sister Study (enrollment from 2003-2009) to estimate self-reported incident hypertension ...
  • Serum Concentration of Selected per and PolyFluoroalkyl Substances PFAS by Industry and Occupational Groups Among US Adult Workers NHANES 20052014
    Serum Concentration of Selected per- and Poly-Fluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) by Industry and Occupational Groups Among US Adult Workers, NHANES 2005–2014
    Anderson S ;
    Charles LE
    2024/09/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    Purpose: Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are associated with multiple adverse health effects including hormonal disruption, immune system disorder, cognitive decline, cancer, and increased mortality rates. Millions of US workers continue to be exposed to PFAS compounds through their workplaces. Our objective was to estimate the serum le ...
    Public Domain
  • Working Hours Shift and Remote Work by Industry and Occupation in US FullTime Workers
    Working Hours, Shift, and Remote Work by Industry and Occupation in U.S. Full-Time Workers
    Chen GX
    2024/09/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    Background: This study examines working hours, shift work, and remote work patterns by occupation and industry among U.S. full-time workers, along with the association between working and sleeping hours. Methods: Utilizing data from 2011 to 2020 American Time Use Survey, this national household survey examines how individuals aged 15 years or older ...
    Public Domain
  • Airborne Concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds VOCs in Hair Salons Primarily Serving Women of Color
    Airborne Concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Hair Salons Primarily Serving Women of Color
    Kavi LK ;
    Louis LM
    2024/09/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    Hairdressers are exposed to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that can pose health risks. Women of color (Black/Latina) represent nearly one-third of all U.S. hairdressers who may be disproportionally exposed to VOCs through occupational and personal use of hair products and treatments specifically formulated for this demographic. Still, data on wo ...
  • Assessing the Relationship Between Physical Activity and Depression in Lawyers and Law Professionals A CrossSectional Study
    Assessing the Relationship Between Physical Activity and Depression in Lawyers and Law Professionals: A Cross-Sectional Study
    Allen JA ;
    Cox, Clinton
    2024/09/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    Background: Law professionals are understudied, and little is known about their mental health. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the relationship between the amount of physical activity and depressive symptoms. Methods: A sample of 681 law professionals completed a survey that assessed mental health conditions and activities to promote wel ...
  • Mental Health Trends in the Construction Industry A Look at Anxiety Depression Psychological Distress Suicides and Overdoses
    Mental Health Trends in the Construction Industry: A Look at Anxiety, Depression, Psychological Distress, Suicides, and Overdoses
    Brooks, Raina D. ;
    Bunting, Jessica
    2024/09/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    This issue examines U.S. construction worker mental health trends, including anxiety, depression, serious psychological distress, seeing a mental health professional, medication use, suicides, and overdoses. [Description provided by NIOSH]
  • HIV in Eswatini Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Strategies
    HIV in Eswatini: Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Strategies
    Dlamini WM ;
    LaBeaud AD
    2024/09/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    Purpose of Review: This review assessed the impact of climate change on HIV transmission and HIV care of children and adults in Eswatini, and what adaptation strategies can mitigate these impacts. Recent Findings: The HIV crisis in Eswatini persists alongside the climate emergency, increasing poor health outcomes in individuals living with HIV. Alt ...
  • Correction to Medical Costs and Incremental Medical Costs of Asthma Among Workers in the United States
    Correction to: Medical Costs and Incremental Medical Costs of Asthma Among Workers in the United States
    Bhattacharya, Amit ;
    Dodd, K. E.
    2024/09/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    Background: Asthma, a chronic respiratory disease, is associated with high economic burden. This study estimates per-worker medical and incremental medical costs associated with treated asthma by socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, industries, medical events, and sources of payments for workers aged ≥18 years. Methods: We analyzed ...
    Public Domain
661 - 680 / 82805