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Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety & Health Center: research for healthy workers, strong communities & productive agriculture, year-end report fiscal year 2019.

University of Washington. Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety and Health Center

2019/10/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

The Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety and Health (PNASH) Center conducts Research for Healthy Workers, Strong Communities & Productive Agriculture. Visit our website: http://depts.washington.edu/pnash. PNASH is dedicated to the prevention of illness and injury among agricultural producers, workers, and their families. One of eleven regional cen ...

12/01/2025

Title : Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety & Health Center: research for healthy workers, strong communities & productive agriculture, year-end report fiscal year 2019. Corporate Authors(s) : University of Washington. Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety and Health Center Published Date : 2019/10/01 Pages in Document : 1-52 URL : https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/249451 University of Washington. Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety and Health Center (2019). Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety & Health Center: research for healthy workers, strong communities & productive agriculture, year-end report fiscal year 2019.. University of Washington. Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety and Health Center "Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety & Health Center: research for healthy workers, strong communities & productive agriculture, year-end report fiscal year 2019." (2019) University of Washington. Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety and Health Center "Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety & Health Center: research for healthy workers, strong communities & productive agriculture, year-end report fiscal year 2019." , 2019 Export RIS Citation Information. TY - Report A2 - University of Washington. Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety and Health Center AB - The Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety and Health (PNASH) Center conducts Research for Healthy Workers, Strong Communities & Productive Agriculture. Visit our website: <a href="http://depts.washington.edu/pnash"target="_blank">http://depts.washington.edu/pnash</a>. PNASH is dedicated to the prevention of illness and injury among agricultural producers, workers, and their families. One of eleven regional centers, PNASH serves Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington, integrating expertise from multiple disciplines, institutions, and community partners. The Center is focused on safe and sustainable agricultural workplaces and communities, with an emphasis on injury and illness prevention, especially among hired laborers, migrant/seasonal workers, and children. Our approach includes: 1. Working in partnership with employers, workers, agencies, and other research and service organizations. 2. Conducting innovative research and intervention programs that focus on problem solving. 3. Taking solutions to the workplace through training, outreach, and participatory research. 4. PNASH research priorities and project selections are based on the burden and need of our Northwest communities, the seriousness of the hazard, the number of people affected, and the probability that research will lead to health improvements. We are housed in the UW Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, and have formal affiliations with multiple UW programs, as well as with Washington State University (WSU) and Oregon State University, among others. PNASH's funding base is awarded through the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH/CDC). RELEVANCE - Jobs in the agricultural industries, which include farming, fishing, and forestry, consistently rank among the most dangerous. The fatality rate for workers in the farming sector is six times higher than the all-industry average, while the fatality rate for workers in the commercial fishing and logging sector is 32 times the all-industry average. In addition to injuries and fatalities, agricultural workers also face high risk for illnesses such as lung diseases, hearing loss, heat-related illnesses, skin diseases, and certain cancers associated with chemical use and prolonged sun exposure. Farming is a unique workplace in that families frequently live on-site. Each year, 14,000 children are injured and 100 children are killed on US farms. THIS REPORT & 2018-2019 NIOSH AWARD CYCLE - We invite you, in the following report, to learn about our work and Year 3 progress. New directions in this 5-year cycle include injury surveillance, dairy safety and health, and an enhanced Outreach Core to increase engagement of stakeholders and to move our research results into practice. Each project is at an early stage of development, so please feel free to contact us with your ideas or interests in collaborating. Most important to our mission are our partnerships with agricultural communities, which help ensure our work is relevant to the needs of the industries and the workers we serve. And Thank You to our partners, advisors and our PNASH team of faculty, staff and students. This work is a testament to your dedication and range of expertise. [Description provided by NIOSH] AN - cdc:249451 KW - Agriculture KW - Farmers KW - Health Promotion KW - Occupational Health KW - Public Health KW - Safety KW - Agricultural industry; Safety education; Public health; Agriculture; Health promotion; Farm workers; Worker safety; Children KW - Agriculture KW - Farmers KW - Health Promotion KW - Occupational Health KW - Public Health KW - Safety LA - eng PB - University of Washington PY - 2019/10/01 TI - Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety & Health Center: research for healthy workers, strong communities & productive agriculture, year-end report fiscal year 2019. UR - https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/249451 ER -
Manipulating relative LMX: effects on performance, conflict, and strain.

Fletcher KA

2018/03/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

Fundamental to the conceptualization of leader-membership exchange (LMX), particularly within the context of teams, is that leaders do not necessarily treat each follower equally. Studies that have examined LMX within the context of the team often fail to capture these complexities, or rely exclusively upon self-report, or survey-based data to make ...

12/01/2025

Title : Manipulating relative LMX: effects on performance, conflict, and strain. Personal Author(s) : Fletcher KA Published Date : 2018/03/01 Pages in Document : 1-132 URL : https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/249450 Fletcher KA (2018). Manipulating relative LMX: effects on performance, conflict, and strain.. Fletcher KA "Manipulating relative LMX: effects on performance, conflict, and strain." (2018) Fletcher KA "Manipulating relative LMX: effects on performance, conflict, and strain." , 2018 Export RIS Citation Information. TY - Dissertation AU - Fletcher KA AB - Fundamental to the conceptualization of leader-membership exchange (LMX), particularly within the context of teams, is that leaders do not necessarily treat each follower equally. Studies that have examined LMX within the context of the team often fail to capture these complexities, or rely exclusively upon self-report, or survey-based data to make inferences. Therefore, it is the purpose of this study to examine the effects of experimentally manipulated relative LMX within teams on individual conflict processes, attitudes, and psychological distress, as well as team-level performance. This study examined conflict processes and outcomes within 113 virtual, project teams engaged in a decision-making task that required intensive interdependence. Teams were composed of three subordinates and a confederate leader who engaged in behaviors designed to heighten LMX with all, some, or none of the participants, depending on the condition. Results suggest that objectively manipulated leader behaviors influenced perceived levels of LMX as well as leader and teammate satisfaction, psychological distress, use of collaborative and individualistic conflict processes, and motivation to perform with the team. Results also indicate that relative LMX condition moderates the relationship between LMX condition and outcomes of interest, such that LMX condition has a stronger effect on outcomes when individuals are in a minority configuration (i.e., have a higher RLMX) than when they are in a shared configuration. [Description provided by NIOSH] AN - cdc:249450 KW - Behavior KW - Men KW - Occupational Health KW - Safety KW - Women KW - Humans; Men; Women; Behavior; Attitude; Psychological stress; Performance capability; KW - Author Keywords: Leadership; leaders; teams; virtual; stress KW - Behavior KW - Men KW - Occupational Health KW - Safety KW - Women LA - eng PB - University of South Florida PY - 2018/03/01 TI - Manipulating relative LMX: effects on performance, conflict, and strain. UR - https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/249450 ER -
Mental and physical stress responses to personal ultrafine particle exposure in adolescents.

Brokamp C ;

Brunst KJ

2022/06/02 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

Incidence rates of mental health disorders among adolescents is increasing, indicating a strong need for effective prevention efforts at a population level. The etiology of mental health disorders includes genetic, social, and environmental factors. Ultrafine particles (UFPs; particles less than 0.1 µm in diameter) have been shown to exert neurotox ...

12/01/2025

Title : Mental and physical stress responses to personal ultrafine particle exposure in adolescents. Personal Author(s) : Brokamp C;Brunst KJ;Reponen T;Ryan PH;Turner AL;Wolfe C; Published Date : 2022/06/02 URL : https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/249449 Brokamp C et al. (2022). Mental and physical stress responses to personal ultrafine particle exposure in adolescents.. 19(12). Brokamp C et al. "Mental and physical stress responses to personal ultrafine particle exposure in adolescents." 19, no. 12 (2022) Brokamp C et al. "Mental and physical stress responses to personal ultrafine particle exposure in adolescents." vol. 19, no. 12, 2022 Export RIS Citation Information. TY - Journal Article AU - Brokamp C AU - Brunst KJ AU - Reponen T AU - Ryan PH AU - Turner AL AU - Wolfe C AB - Incidence rates of mental health disorders among adolescents is increasing, indicating a strong need for effective prevention efforts at a population level. The etiology of mental health disorders includes genetic, social, and environmental factors. Ultrafine particles (UFPs; particles less than 0.1 µm in diameter) have been shown to exert neurotoxic effects on the brain; however, epidemiologic evidence on the relationship between UFPs and childhood mental health outcomes is unclear. The objective of this study was to determine if exposure to UFPs was associated with symptoms of mental health in adolescents. Adolescents completed personal UFP monitoring for one week as well as a series of validated Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) assessments to measure five domains of mental and physical stress symptoms. Multivariable linear regression models were used to estimate the association between PROMIS domain T-scores and median weekly personal UFP exposure with the inclusion of interactions to explore sex differences. We observed that median weekly UFP exposure was significantly associated with physical stress symptoms (beta: 5.92 per 10-fold increase in UFPs, 95% CI [0.72, 11.13]) but no other measured domains. Further, we did not find effect modification by sex on any of the PROMIS outcomes. The results of this study indicate UFPs are associated with physical symptoms of stress response among adolescents, potentially contributing to mental health disorders in this population. [Description provided by NIOSH] AN - cdc:249449 IS - 12 KW - Adolescent KW - Environmental Exposure KW - Environmental Pollution KW - Epidemiology KW - Mental Health KW - Nervous System KW - Occupational Health KW - Particulate Matter KW - Safety KW - Exposure assessment; Environmental pollution; Ultrafine particles; Adolescents; Mental health; Neurotoxic effects; Particle size; Epidemiology; KW - Author Keywords: ultrafine particles; exposure monitoring; mental health risk; adolescent mental health; adolescent emotional distress KW - Adolescent KW - Environmental Exposure KW - Environmental Pollution KW - Epidemiology KW - Mental Health KW - Nervous System KW - Occupational Health KW - Particulate Matter KW - Safety LA - eng PY - 2022/06/02 TI - Mental and physical stress responses to personal ultrafine particle exposure in adolescents. VL - 19 UR - https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/249449 ER -
System-level efforts to address pain-related workplace challenges.

Linton SJ ;

Main CJ

2022/08/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

Painful musculoskeletal disorders represent an enormous burden at the individual, organizational, and societal levels. In the workplace context, disabling effects of pain are influenced by a wide range of psychosocial factors, including pain beliefs, psychological distress, social support, self-efficacy, and perceptions of organizational support. M ...

12/01/2025

Title : System-level efforts to address pain-related workplace challenges. Personal Author(s) : Linton SJ;Main CJ;Nicholas MK;Shaw WS; Published Date : 2022/08/01 URL : https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/249448 Linton SJ et al. (2022). System-level efforts to address pain-related workplace challenges.. 163(8). Linton SJ et al. "System-level efforts to address pain-related workplace challenges." 163, no. 8 (2022) Linton SJ et al. "System-level efforts to address pain-related workplace challenges." vol. 163, no. 8, 2022 Export RIS Citation Information. TY - Journal Article AU - Linton SJ AU - Main CJ AU - Nicholas MK AU - Shaw WS AB - Painful musculoskeletal disorders represent an enormous burden at the individual, organizational, and societal levels. In the workplace context, disabling effects of pain are influenced by a wide range of psychosocial factors, including pain beliefs, psychological distress, social support, self-efficacy, and perceptions of organizational support. Moreover, a patient's ability to return to work (RTW) or maintain employment can be affected by multiple overlapping systems outside of the clinic. Improving occupational outcomes for patients with pain may require that we intervene with these external systems to improve treatment choices, coping, functional and social support, organizational communication, accommodation, and reinforcement. This topical review provides a summary of research and rationale supporting system-level interventions to reduce the lifestyle impacts of pain, with a focus on work disability prevention. [Description provided by NIOSH] AN - cdc:249448 IS - 8 KW - Mental Health KW - Musculoskeletal Diseases KW - Nervous System KW - Occupational Health KW - Safety KW - Total Worker Health; TWH; Musculoskeletal disorders; MSD; Psychosocial factors; Work organization; Intervention; Mental health KW - Mental Health KW - Musculoskeletal Diseases KW - Nervous System KW - Occupational Health KW - Safety LA - eng PY - 2022/08/01 TI - System-level efforts to address pain-related workplace challenges. VL - 163 UR - https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/249448 ER -
Postural strategies among office workers during a prolonged sitting bout.

Arippa F ;

Harris-Adamson C

2022/07/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

Sedentary behavior has increased steadily over prior decades, primarily due to increased computer use at work and at home. The total sedentary time per day has been associated with increased risk of cardiometabolic diseases; increased sitting time at work has been associated with musculoskeletal discomfort particularly in the low back. Office worke ...

12/01/2025

Title : Postural strategies among office workers during a prolonged sitting bout. Personal Author(s) : Arippa F;Harris-Adamson C;Nguyen A;Pau M; Published Date : 2022/07/01 URL : https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/249447 Arippa F et al. (2022). Postural strategies among office workers during a prolonged sitting bout.. 102 Arippa F et al. "Postural strategies among office workers during a prolonged sitting bout." 102 (2022) Arippa F et al. "Postural strategies among office workers during a prolonged sitting bout." vol. 102, 2022 Export RIS Citation Information. TY - Journal Article AU - Arippa F AU - Harris-Adamson C AU - Nguyen A AU - Pau M AB - Sedentary behavior has increased steadily over prior decades, primarily due to increased computer use at work and at home. The total sedentary time per day has been associated with increased risk of cardiometabolic diseases; increased sitting time at work has been associated with musculoskeletal discomfort particularly in the low back. Office workers spend many hours sitting, thus efforts to increase movement through changes of posture (sit to stand) or moving while sitting have been proposed as ways to mitigate the negative effects of prolonged sitting. Yet, few studies have investigated differences in the movement patterns of office workers while sitting performing their actual work. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize movement patterns during a prolonged sitting bout and to determine their association with musculoskeletal pain. Twenty-eight office workers participated in this field study that used a pressure sensitive mat to quantify seat pan pressure (4 regions) and trunk sway parameters over a 2-hour bout of computer work. Data were stratified by breakers who stood up at least once within the 2-hour test and prolongers who remained sitting throughout the test. Overall, there was a decreasing trend in trunk sway parameters (mean COP position, sway path, sway area, sway velocity, maximum displacement, and in-chair movements) over time (p < 0.05), with significant changes in sitting strategies. There were significant differences in trunk sway parameters and perceived musculoskeletal discomfort between breakers and prolongers with breakers having more consistent movement while sitting over the prolonged sitting bout (p < 0.05) and lower discomfort ratings. This may indicate that interrupting prolonged bouts of sitting with short periods of standing can maintain sitting movement patterns and reduce the development of musculoskeletal discomfort. Trunk sway monitoring and promoting periodic standing may be useful tools for maintaining in chair movements that may reduce or prevent the onset of musculoskeletal discomfort during prolonged sitting. [Description provided by NIOSH] AN - cdc:249447 KW - Behavior KW - Ergonomics KW - Musculoskeletal Diseases KW - Musculoskeletal System KW - Occupational Health KW - Safety KW - Ergonomics; Office workers; Sedentary lifestyle; Behavior; Posture; Musculoskeletal disorders; MSD; KW - Author Keywords: Sitting posture; Trunk postural sway; Prolonged sitting; In-chair-movements KW - Behavior KW - Ergonomics KW - Musculoskeletal Diseases KW - Musculoskeletal System KW - Occupational Health KW - Safety LA - eng PY - 2022/07/01 TI - Postural strategies among office workers during a prolonged sitting bout. VL - 102 UR - https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/249447 ER -
Impacts of the statewide COVID-19 lockdown interventions on excess mortality, unemployment, and employment growth.

Harris J ;

Hegmann KT

2022/09/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

Objective: The aim of the study is to determine relationships between lockdowns and excess mortality, unemployment, and employment growth. Methods: Each US states' mortality data for 2020 were compared with the prior 3 years to determine excess mortality. Data were compared using measures of lockdowns, or state openness scores and adjusted for age, ...

12/01/2025

Title : Impacts of the statewide COVID-19 lockdown interventions on excess mortality, unemployment, and employment growth. Personal Author(s) : Harris J;Hegmann KT;Jarnagin K;Pugh T;Thiese MS; Published Date : 2022/09/01 URL : https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/249446 Harris J et al. (2022). Impacts of the statewide COVID-19 lockdown interventions on excess mortality, unemployment, and employment growth.. 64(9). Harris J et al. "Impacts of the statewide COVID-19 lockdown interventions on excess mortality, unemployment, and employment growth." 64, no. 9 (2022) Harris J et al. "Impacts of the statewide COVID-19 lockdown interventions on excess mortality, unemployment, and employment growth." vol. 64, no. 9, 2022 Export RIS Citation Information. TY - Journal Article AU - Harris J AU - Hegmann KT AU - Jarnagin K AU - Pugh T AU - Thiese MS AB - Objective: The aim of the study is to determine relationships between lockdowns and excess mortality, unemployment, and employment growth. Methods: Each US states' mortality data for 2020 were compared with the prior 3 years to determine excess mortality. Data were compared using measures of lockdowns, or state openness scores and adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and cardiovascular disease. Comparisons were made with unemployment rates and employment growth rates. Results: The 2020 excess mortality ranged from -9% to 46%. The average openness score was not significant (P = 0.20). However, openness was strongly associated with both unemployment (P = 0.01) and employment growth (P = 0.0008). Conclusions: There was no statistical relationship between excess mortality and openness scores, while there were strong relationships with employment measures. These results suggest that lockdowns are not sufficiently beneficial for future use in this pandemic and raise concerns for use in future pandemics. [Description provided by NIOSH] AN - cdc:249446 IS - 9 KW - Age Factors KW - Cardiovascular Diseases KW - Cardiovascular System KW - Communicable Diseases KW - Men KW - Mortality KW - Occupational Health KW - Race Factors KW - Safety KW - Women KW - COVID-19; Mortality rates; Age factors; Humans; Men; Women; Racial factors; Cardiovascular disease; Statistical analysis; KW - Author Keywords: COVID; mortality; lockdown; employment; unemployment KW - Age Factors KW - Cardiovascular Diseases KW - Cardiovascular System KW - Communicable Diseases KW - Men KW - Mortality KW - Occupational Health KW - Race Factors KW - Safety KW - Women LA - eng PY - 2022/09/01 TI - Impacts of the statewide COVID-19 lockdown interventions on excess mortality, unemployment, and employment growth. VL - 64 UR - https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/249446 ER -
Examining associations in congenital syphilis infection and socioeconomic factors between California's small-to-medium and large metro counties.

Fang J ;

Pinkerton KE

2022/11/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

Objective: To investigate differences in congenital syphilis (CS) infection between California's small-to-medium and large metropolitan counties and the socioeconomic mechanisms behind these differences. Study design: County-level data from 2019 and 2020 on CS infection and other socioeconomic covariates were obtained from the California Department ...

12/01/2025

Title : Examining associations in congenital syphilis infection and socioeconomic factors between California's small-to-medium and large metro counties. Personal Author(s) : Fang J;Pinkerton KE;Sankaran D;Silva RM;Tancredi DJ; Published Date : 2022/11/01 URL : https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/249445 Fang J et al. (2022). Examining associations in congenital syphilis infection and socioeconomic factors between California's small-to-medium and large metro counties.. 42(11). Fang J et al. "Examining associations in congenital syphilis infection and socioeconomic factors between California's small-to-medium and large metro counties." 42, no. 11 (2022) Fang J et al. "Examining associations in congenital syphilis infection and socioeconomic factors between California's small-to-medium and large metro counties." vol. 42, no. 11, 2022 Export RIS Citation Information. TY - Journal Article AU - Fang J AU - Pinkerton KE AU - Sankaran D AU - Silva RM AU - Tancredi DJ AB - Objective: To investigate differences in congenital syphilis (CS) infection between California's small-to-medium and large metropolitan counties and the socioeconomic mechanisms behind these differences. Study design: County-level data from 2019 and 2020 on CS infection and other socioeconomic covariates were obtained from the California Department of Public Health and the United States Census Bureau. Counties were stratified into small-to-medium or large metropolitan counties by the National Center for Health Statistics Urban-Rural Classification Scheme and analyzed using simple and multiple Poisson regression models. Results: California's small-to-medium metropolitan counties reported significantly higher rates of CS incidence, female poverty, and uninsured females, and significantly lower rates of English-language speaking ability and female education level compared to large metropolitan counties. CS infection was significantly associated with female poverty and education level. Conclusion: Rates of CS infection in the California counties are more dependent on socioeconomic indicators than county classification itself. [Description provided by NIOSH] AN - cdc:249445 IS - 11 KW - Communicable Diseases KW - Education KW - Occupational Health KW - Safety KW - Socioeconomics; Infectious diseases; Sexually transmitted diseases; STDs; Education KW - Communicable Diseases KW - Education KW - Occupational Health KW - Safety LA - eng PY - 2022/11/01 TI - Examining associations in congenital syphilis infection and socioeconomic factors between California's small-to-medium and large metro counties. VL - 42 UR - https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/249445 ER -
Engineering controls for respirable crystalline silica hazards: investigations by NIOSH's Engineering and Physical Hazards Branch.

Alexander, Barbara M. ;

Echt, Alan S.

2022/04/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

Respirable crystalline silica is one of the oldest occupational hazards, yet exposures to RCS still cause illness today. Inhalation of RCS is associated with a range of serious illnesses, but it is known primarily for causing silicosis, an incurable and often fatal fibrotic lung disease. Although engineering controls to reduce inhalation of RCS hav ...

12/01/2025

Title : Engineering controls for respirable crystalline silica hazards: investigations by NIOSH's Engineering and Physical Hazards Branch. Personal Author(s) : Alexander, Barbara M.;Echt, Alan S.;Garcia A;Hammond, Duane R.;Qi C; Published Date : 2022/04/01 Pages in Document : 20-25 URL : https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/249444 Alexander, Barbara M. et al. (2022). Engineering controls for respirable crystalline silica hazards: investigations by NIOSH's Engineering and Physical Hazards Branch.. 33(4). Alexander, Barbara M. et al. "Engineering controls for respirable crystalline silica hazards: investigations by NIOSH's Engineering and Physical Hazards Branch." 33, no. 4 (2022) Alexander, Barbara M. et al. "Engineering controls for respirable crystalline silica hazards: investigations by NIOSH's Engineering and Physical Hazards Branch." vol. 33, no. 4, 2022 Export RIS Citation Information. TY - Journal Article AU - Alexander, Barbara M. AU - Echt, Alan S. AU - Garcia A AU - Hammond, Duane R. AU - Qi C AB - Respirable crystalline silica is one of the oldest occupational hazards, yet exposures to RCS still cause illness today. Inhalation of RCS is associated with a range of serious illnesses, but it is known primarily for causing silicosis, an incurable and often fatal fibrotic lung disease. Although engineering controls to reduce inhalation of RCS have been known and available for decades, people continue to succumb to its associated health effects. Researchers in the Engineering and Physical Hazards Branch (EPHB), in the Division of Field Studies and Engineering (DFSE) at NIOSH, have extensively studied engineering controls for tasks that produce RCS. In other NIOSH divisions, research on RCS controls also continues to be a priority. Silica, or silicon dioxide (SiO2), can be found in crystalline or amorphous forms. Its most abundant crystalline form is alpha quartz, an extremely common mineral found in sand, gravel, soil, clay, shale, slate, sandstone, granite, calcined diatomaceous earth, portland cement concrete, asphalt pavement, ceramics, brick, tile, masonry, mortar, and other materials. It is frequently found alongside deposits of ores and other resources that are mined, such as coal. We are surrounded by it-we walk on it, drive on it, eat and drink from it, and build with it. Although it can comprise many useful materials, it becomes hazardous after it is pulverized, aerosolized, and inhaled. [Description provided by NIOSH] AN - cdc:249444 IS - 4 KW - Aerosols KW - Air Pollutants, Occupational KW - Dust KW - Engineering KW - Lung Diseases KW - Occupational Exposure KW - Occupational Health KW - Particulate Matter KW - Respiratory Tract Diseases KW - Safety KW - Silicon Dioxide KW - Crystalline silica; Occupational exposure; Silicosis; Lung disease; Respirable dust; Particulates; Silicon dioxide; Aerosols; Airborne particles; Engineering controls KW - Aerosols KW - Air Pollutants, Occupational KW - Dust KW - Engineering KW - Lung Diseases KW - Occupational Exposure KW - Occupational Health KW - Particulate Matter KW - Respiratory Tract Diseases KW - Safety KW - Silicon Dioxide LA - eng PY - 2022/04/01 TI - Engineering controls for respirable crystalline silica hazards: investigations by NIOSH's Engineering and Physical Hazards Branch. VL - 33 UR - https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/249444 ER -
Self-reported CKDu and associated risk factors in Central America. Preliminary results from the Second Central American Survey of Working Conditions and Health.

Delclos GL ;

Figueroa-Solis E

2019/03/20 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

Introduction: In Central America, chronic kidney disease of undetermined cause (CKDu) is associated with occupational and environmental exposures affecting young men working in lowland agricultural settings, primarily in sugar cane workers, but there are likely to be other at risk groups who share similar exposures. Suspected causes include a combi ...

12/01/2025

Title : Self-reported CKDu and associated risk factors in Central America. Preliminary results from the Second Central American Survey of Working Conditions and Health. Personal Author(s) : Delclos GL;Figueroa-Solis E;Gimeno Ruiz de Porras D;Rojas Garbanzo M; Published Date : 2019/03/20 Pages in Document : 39-40 URL : https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/249443 Delclos GL et al. (2019). Self-reported CKDu and associated risk factors in Central America. Preliminary results from the Second Central American Survey of Working Conditions and Health.. Delclos GL et al. "Self-reported CKDu and associated risk factors in Central America. Preliminary results from the Second Central American Survey of Working Conditions and Health." (2019) Delclos GL et al. "Self-reported CKDu and associated risk factors in Central America. Preliminary results from the Second Central American Survey of Working Conditions and Health." , 2019 Export RIS Citation Information. TY - Abstract or Summary AU - Delclos GL AU - Figueroa-Solis E AU - Gimeno Ruiz de Porras D AU - Rojas Garbanzo M AB - Introduction: In Central America, chronic kidney disease of undetermined cause (CKDu) is associated with occupational and environmental exposures affecting young men working in lowland agricultural settings, primarily in sugar cane workers, but there are likely to be other at risk groups who share similar exposures. Suspected causes include a combination of exposure to high temperatures and humidity, inadequate hydration, high physical demands and concomitant use of nephrotoxic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs), among others. Objective: To identify the prevalence of CKDu risk factors, self-reported CKDu and work-related CKDu by geographic location, occupation, and industry in the six Spanish-speaking Central American countries: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama. Methods: Interviewer-administered survey of a nationally representative sample of 9,032 (approx. 1,500 per country) workers, the Second Central American Survey of Working Conditions and Health, conducted in 2018. The survey included a panel of items on putative risk factors for CKDu (heat/humidity exposure, hydration, physical exertion, analgesic use, agrochemical use), self-reported CKDu and self-reported work-related CKDu. Results: The prevalence of CKDu risk factors and self-reported CKDu varied across countries, occupations, and industries. Exposure to high temperatures ranged from 25% in Costa Rica to 54% in El Salvador. Exposure to high humidity ranged from 7% in El Salvador to 27% in Panama. Costa Rica had the highest prevalence of participants not drinking water during work (9%); Panama had the highest physically demanding work (48%). Use of NSAIDs ranged from 11% to 30% across countries, but was relatively consistent across industries (14% to 20%). Exposure to agrochemicals was highest in Panama (12%). Self-reported CKDu ranged from 17% in El Salvador to 55% in Nicaragua. Among workers reporting CKDu, the percentage who felt it was work-related ranged from 30% in Guatemala to 71% in Nicaragua. By industry, the highest prevalence of CKDu (24%) and work-related CKDu (62%) were in agriculture and construction, respectively. By occupation, prevalence of CKDu (7%) and work-related CKDu (56%) were highest in agricultural workers and construction workers, respectively. Conclusion: This preliminary analysis of a large population-based study identifies a broad distribution of suspected CKDu risk factors and self-reported CKDu across Central America, supporting the need to broaden epidemiological research beyond the sugar cane industry. [Description provided by NIOSH] AN - cdc:249443 KW - Epidemiology KW - Humidity KW - Kidney Diseases KW - Occupational Health KW - Safety KW - Urogenital Diseases KW - Urogenital System KW - Kidney disorders; Sugar industry; Outdoor workers; Climatic conditions; Relative humidity; Nephrotoxins; Epidemiology KW - Epidemiology KW - Humidity KW - Kidney Diseases KW - Occupational Health KW - Safety KW - Urogenital Diseases KW - Urogenital System LA - eng PB - National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) PY - 2019/03/20 TI - Self-reported CKDu and associated risk factors in Central America. Preliminary results from the Second Central American Survey of Working Conditions and Health. UR - https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/249443 ER -
Pilot test of the DEGREE protocol, CKDu module, and point-of-care device measurements in outdoor Hispanic workers.

Delclos GL ;

Figueroa-Solis E

2019/03/20 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

Introduction: Comparison studies of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) are limited by lack of protocols using standardized creatinine measurements. Use of Point-of-Care (POC) measurements that require a smaller amount of blood, no transporting of specimens, and can be immediately analyzed in the field is attractive, but their accuracy outs ...

12/01/2025

Title : Pilot test of the DEGREE protocol, CKDu module, and point-of-care device measurements in outdoor Hispanic workers. Personal Author(s) : Delclos GL;Figueroa-Solis E;Gimeno Ruiz de Porras D; Published Date : 2019/03/20 Pages in Document : 26-27 URL : https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/249442 Delclos GL et al. (2019). Pilot test of the DEGREE protocol, CKDu module, and point-of-care device measurements in outdoor Hispanic workers.. Delclos GL and Figueroa-Solis E and Gimeno Ruiz de Porras D "Pilot test of the DEGREE protocol, CKDu module, and point-of-care device measurements in outdoor Hispanic workers." (2019) Delclos GL et al. "Pilot test of the DEGREE protocol, CKDu module, and point-of-care device measurements in outdoor Hispanic workers." , 2019 Export RIS Citation Information. TY - Abstract or Summary AU - Delclos GL AU - Figueroa-Solis E AU - Gimeno Ruiz de Porras D AB - Introduction: Comparison studies of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) are limited by lack of protocols using standardized creatinine measurements. Use of Point-of-Care (POC) measurements that require a smaller amount of blood, no transporting of specimens, and can be immediately analyzed in the field is attractive, but their accuracy outside of healthcare settings has been questioned. There is also little standardization on questionnaires designed to gather information on risk factors for "CKD of unknown origin" (CKDu). Objective: To field test the Disadvantaged Populations eGFR Epidemiology Study (DEGREE) protocol, a CKDu risk factor module from the Second Central American Survey of Working Conditions and Health, and POC testing of renal function with the i-STAT (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois)/Chem8+ in outdoor workers in different seasons. Methods: Cross-sectional study of 55 Hispanic workers in Houston. Inclusion criteria were: 1) ≥ 18 years; 2) working outdoors ≥ 20 hours/week; 3) no prior diagnosis or medications for diabetes, renal or cardiovascular disease. Interviewer-administered DEGREE and CKDu module questionnaires and a urine sample were completed indoors; anthropometrics, blood pressure and paired blood samples for POC and isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) were completed outdoors during November-December (winter) 2017 and April-May (spring) 2018. Correlations between POC and IDMS were compared between coldest/hottest temperatures, lowest/highest humidity, and lowest/highest heat index. Results: Outdoor temperatures ranged from 60 degrees F to 90 degrees F, relative humidity from 25% to 99%, and heat index from 34 degrees F to 106 degrees F. Administration of the DEGREE protocol and CKDu module averaged 10 and 5 minutes, respectively; questions were easily understood. Average eGFR was 114.07 ml/min/1.73m2 (SD = 15.18) in the winter and 105.81 ml/min/1.73m2 (SD = 18.21) in the spring. Hemoglobin measurements were strongly correlated during the coldest temperatures (60 degrees F to 70 degrees F) and lowest heat index reported (34 degrees F to 69 degrees F) (r=0.97); in the hottest temperatures (80 degrees F to 90 degrees F) and the highest heat index (90 degrees F to 106 degrees F), this correlation was lower (r=0.84). The Bland-Altman plots for hemoglobin showed that, on average, the POC iSTAT results were 3.58% higher than with IDMS. Serum creatinine measurements correlated well (r=0.93) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (r=0.96) across the range of temperatures, humidity levels, and heat index. On average, POC-derived creatinine and BUN values were 0.18% and 0.72% higher than IDMS, respectively. Technical limitations with the POC included "out of range" readings and disabled cartridge testing when temperatures were above 85 degrees F or below 65 degrees F, but these resolved when the instrument was brought indoors for a few minutes. Limitations with the IDMS method included hemolyzed specimens, which affected glucose, sodium and potassium levels, but minimally affected BUN and creatinine. Conclusion: Implementation of the DEGREE protocol and CKDu module was straightforward, well understood and conducted in a reasonable period of time. The POC device performed adequately in the field insofar as renal function measurements, but required some adjustment in methods when temperature readings were out of range. [Description provided by NIOSH] AN - cdc:249442 KW - Blood KW - Health Care Facilities Workforce and Services KW - Hematologic Tests KW - Occupational Health KW - Safety KW - Blood tests; Kidney function; Kidneys; Medical equipment; Outdoor workers KW - Blood KW - Health Care Facilities Workforce and Services KW - Hematologic Tests KW - Occupational Health KW - Safety LA - eng PB - National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) PY - 2019/03/20 TI - Pilot test of the DEGREE protocol, CKDu module, and point-of-care device measurements in outdoor Hispanic workers. UR - https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/249442 ER -
Results of the 2019 survey of engineered nanomaterial occupational health and safety practices.

Eastlake A ;

Hodson L

2022/07/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

In collaboration with RTI International, the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) administered a survey to North American companies working with nanomaterials to assess health and safety practices. The results would contribute to understanding the impact of the efforts made by the NIOSH Nanotechnology Research Center ( ...

12/01/2025

Title : Results of the 2019 survey of engineered nanomaterial occupational health and safety practices. Personal Author(s) : Eastlake A;Hodson L;Neu-Baker NM; Published Date : 2022/07/01 URL : https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/249441 Eastlake A et al. (2022). Results of the 2019 survey of engineered nanomaterial occupational health and safety practices.. 19(13). Eastlake A and Hodson L and Neu-Baker NM "Results of the 2019 survey of engineered nanomaterial occupational health and safety practices." 19, no. 13 (2022) Eastlake A et al. "Results of the 2019 survey of engineered nanomaterial occupational health and safety practices." vol. 19, no. 13, 2022 Export RIS Citation Information. TY - Journal Article AU - Eastlake A AU - Hodson L AU - Neu-Baker NM AB - In collaboration with RTI International, the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) administered a survey to North American companies working with nanomaterials to assess health and safety practices. The results would contribute to understanding the impact of the efforts made by the NIOSH Nanotechnology Research Center (NTRC) in communicating occupational health and safety (OHS) considerations for workers when handling these materials. The survey, developed by RAND Corporation, was conducted online from September 2019-December 2019. Forty-five companies or organizations in the U.S. and Canada that fabricate, manufacture, handle, dispose, or otherwise use nanomaterials completed the survey. The survey was designed to answer research questions regarding the nanomaterials in use, which resources the companies have consulted for OHS guidance, and the overall OHS culture at the companies. Other questions specifically addressed whether the companies interacted with NIOSH or NIOSH resources to inform OHS policies and practices. Among participating companies, 57.8% had a maximum of 50 employees. Gold nanoparticles and polymers were most common (n = 20; 45.5% each), followed by graphene (36.4%), carbon nanotubes and nanofibers (34.1%), and zinc oxide nanoparticles (31.8%). Environmental monitoring was performed by 31.8% of the companies. While 88.9% of the companies had laminar flow cabinets, only 67.5% required it to be used with ENMs. Information and training programs were indicated by 90% of the sample, and only 29.6% performed specific health surveillance for ENM workers. Personal protective equipment primarily included gloves (100%) and eye/face protection (97.7%). More than a third (37.8%) of the respondents reported using at least one NIOSH resource to acquire information about safe handling of ENMs. The small number of companies that responded to and completed the survey is a considerable limitation to this study. However, the survey data are valuable for gauging the reach and influence of the NIOSH NTRC on nano OHS and for informing future outreach, particularly to small businesses. [Description provided by NIOSH] AN - cdc:249441 IS - 13 KW - Engineering KW - Environmental Monitoring KW - Occupational Health KW - Personal Protective Equipment KW - Safety KW - Staff Development KW - Surveys and Questionnaires KW - Occupational health; Safety practices; Nanomaterials; Environmental monitoring; Personal protective equipment; PPE; Information dissemination; Questionnaires; Training; Engineering controls; KW - Author Keywords: nanotechnology; occupational health; worker safety; exposure; risk factors; questionnaires; statistical analysis; environmental monitoring; engineering controls; training; sampling; personal protective equipment KW - Engineering KW - Environmental Monitoring KW - Occupational Health KW - Personal Protective Equipment KW - Safety KW - Staff Development KW - Surveys and Questionnaires LA - eng PY - 2022/07/01 TI - Results of the 2019 survey of engineered nanomaterial occupational health and safety practices. VL - 19 UR - https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/249441 ER -
Multimorbidity matters: the effect on specific sickness absence diagnosis-groups.

Benavides FG ;

Delclos GL

2016/11/02 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

Background: As the world's population ages, the prevalence of multiple chronic health-related conditions is increasing. Research on multimorbidity, the co-occurrence of two or more health-related conditions, has mainly focused on patient and older populations. Studies on the workforce, presumably younger and healthier, are scarce. The effect of mul ...

12/01/2025

Title : Multimorbidity matters: the effect on specific sickness absence diagnosis-groups. Personal Author(s) : Benavides FG;Delclos GL;Gimeno D;Ubalde-Lopez M; Published Date : 2016/11/02 URL : https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/249440 Benavides FG et al. (2016). Multimorbidity matters: the effect on specific sickness absence diagnosis-groups.. 26 Benavides FG et al. "Multimorbidity matters: the effect on specific sickness absence diagnosis-groups." 26 (2016) Benavides FG et al. "Multimorbidity matters: the effect on specific sickness absence diagnosis-groups." vol. 26, 2016 Export RIS Citation Information. TY - Abstract or Summary AU - Benavides FG AU - Delclos GL AU - Gimeno D AU - Ubalde-Lopez M AB - Background: As the world's population ages, the prevalence of multiple chronic health-related conditions is increasing. Research on multimorbidity, the co-occurrence of two or more health-related conditions, has mainly focused on patient and older populations. Studies on the workforce, presumably younger and healthier, are scarce. The effect of multimorbidity in working populations is not well known, but could conceivably have a negative impact on the ability to perform at work or delay return to work after a sickness absence (SA). We examined the effect of multimorbidity on the incidence and duration of SA episodes by frequent diagnoses. Methods: Prospective study of 372,370 workers in Spain. Information on health-related conditions collected with a standardized questionnaire was used to construct a sex-specific multidimensional multimorbidity score (MDMS). We fit Cox models adjusted for age, occupational social class and number of prior SA episodes, to estimate the effect of MDMS on incidence and duration of SA episodes due to cardiovascular diseases, musculoskeletal and mental health disorders for both sexes. Results: Men with high MDMS showed a trend towards higher incidence risk for SA due to cardiovascular diseases and musculoskeletal disorders ([adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) =2.03; 95%CI: 1.48-2.78] and [aHR=1.20; 95%CI: 1.01-1.43], respectively. Women showed a similar trend for musculoskeletal disorders, but mental health episodes had the strongest association [aHR=4.78; 95%CI: 1.97-11.62] for high MDMS. In both sexes, the effect of MDMS persisted and was stronger among those without a prior SA. No consistent associations with duration were observed. Conclusions: High multimorbidity was associated with greater risk of diagnosis-specific SA but not with duration. More tailored workplace interventions could make use of measuring multimorbidity to identify workers who may need especial attention and to prevent future SA. [Description provided by NIOSH] AN - cdc:249440 KW - Aging KW - Chronic Disease KW - Epidemiology KW - Mental Health KW - Morbidity KW - Musculoskeletal Diseases KW - Nervous System KW - Occupational Health KW - Safety KW - Age groups; Chronic diseases; Morbidity rates; Mental health; Musculoskeletal disorders; MSD; Epidemiology KW - Aging KW - Chronic Disease KW - Epidemiology KW - Mental Health KW - Morbidity KW - Musculoskeletal Diseases KW - Nervous System KW - Occupational Health KW - Safety LA - eng PB - European Public Health Association PY - 2016/11/02 TI - Multimorbidity matters: the effect on specific sickness absence diagnosis-groups. VL - 26 UR - https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/249440 ER -
Pulmonary toxicity and gene expression changes in response to whole-body inhalation exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes in rats (dataset).

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

2022/06/22 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

Nanomaterials represent a new class of materials with numerous industrial applications. Considering the projected increase in the production and use of nanomaterials, a corresponding increase in occupational exposure to nanomaterials and their resulting adverse health effects may be anticipated among workers. There is substantial evidence in the li ...

12/01/2025

Dataset

Title : Pulmonary toxicity and gene expression changes in response to whole-body inhalation exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes in rats (dataset). Corporate Authors(s) : National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Published Date : 2022/06/22 DOI : https://doi.org/10.26616/NIOSHRD-1039-2022-0 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (2022). Pulmonary toxicity and gene expression changes in response to whole-body inhalation exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes in rats (dataset).. https://doi.org/10.26616/NIOSHRD-1039-2022-0 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health "Pulmonary toxicity and gene expression changes in response to whole-body inhalation exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes in rats (dataset)." (2022), https://doi.org/10.26616/NIOSHRD-1039-2022-0 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health "Pulmonary toxicity and gene expression changes in response to whole-body inhalation exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes in rats (dataset)." , 2022, https://doi.org/10.26616/NIOSHRD-1039-2022-0 Export RIS Citation Information. TY - Research Dataset A2 - National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health AB - Nanomaterials represent a new class of materials with numerous industrial applications. Considering the projected increase in the production and use of nanomaterials, a corresponding increase in occupational exposure to nanomaterials and their resulting adverse health effects may be anticipated among workers. There is substantial evidence in the literature, based on cell culture and animal studies, supporting the potential toxicity and detrimental health effects associated with exposure to nanomaterials. Intervention and/or prevention of adverse health effects associated with occupational exposure to toxic nanomaterials is a concern for health providers and regulatory and non-regulatory government agencies as the use of nanomaterials expand. A key element in the intervention and/or prevention of the adverse health effects associated with occupational exposure to toxic nanomaterials is a clear understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the pulmonary toxicity induced by nanomaterials. Due to its physicochemical and mechanical properties, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) have found many industrial applications. There is potential for human exposure to MWCNT or products that contain MWCNT both during the production and use of the materials that contain MWCNT. The objectives of the current study were to investigate MWCNT-induced lung toxicity and the molecular mechanisms underlying that toxicity. A rat inhalation exposure model was employed to determine the lung toxicity induced by MWCNT. Global gene expression profiles in the lung and blood were conducted to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying MWCNT-induced lung toxicity. [Description provided by NIOSH] AN - cdc:249439 DO - https://doi.org/10.26616/NIOSHRD-1039-2022-0 KW - Animals KW - Lung KW - Occupational Health KW - Respiratory System KW - Safety KW - Nanomaterials; MWCNT; Multi-walled carbon nanotubes; Animal studies; Gene expression; Pulmonary effects; Toxic effects; Lung tissue KW - Animals KW - Lung KW - Occupational Health KW - Respiratory System KW - Safety LA - eng PB - National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health PY - 2022/06/22 TI - Pulmonary toxicity and gene expression changes in response to whole-body inhalation exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes in rats (dataset). UR - https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/249439 ER -
Is my well water safe to drink?

University of Washington. Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety and Health Center

2019/11/30 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

What could be in my well water? Nitrate and coliform bacteria are common contaminants in wells. They can seep into wells from septic tanks, manure, or fertilizers. These contaminants can be harmful to your family especially babies, pregnant women and older adults. High levels of nitrate in drinking water can cause blue baby syndrome. Without medica ...

12/01/2025

Title : Is my well water safe to drink? Corporate Authors(s) : University of Washington. Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety and Health Center Published Date : 2019/11/30 Pages in Document : 1-2 URL : https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/249438 University of Washington. Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety and Health Center (2019). Is my well water safe to drink?. University of Washington. Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety and Health Center "Is my well water safe to drink?" (2019) University of Washington. Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety and Health Center "Is my well water safe to drink?" , 2019 Export RIS Citation Information. TY - Lay Publication A2 - University of Washington. Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety and Health Center AB - What could be in my well water? Nitrate and coliform bacteria are common contaminants in wells. They can seep into wells from septic tanks, manure, or fertilizers. These contaminants can be harmful to your family especially babies, pregnant women and older adults. High levels of nitrate in drinking water can cause blue baby syndrome. Without medical treatment, this illness can be fatal. Drinking well water with coliform bacteria can cause diarrhea or other illnesses. What can I do? 1. Test your well water. Yakima Health District recommends that you or your landlord test every year for nitrate and total coliform bacteria. 2. Read your results to find out if your well water has high nitrate or total coliform bacteria. Yakima Health District can help you understand your results. If your well has high nitrate or total coliform bacteria: 3. Do not drink your well water. Bottled water is a safe option for drinking and cooking. 4. Address the problem. Here are some of your options: High nitrate: For a long-term solution, drill a new well or connect to a city water system. For a short-term solution, install a reverse osmosis system. This filter removes nitrate from water. Total coliform bacteria: Add bleach to your well. Call Yakima Health District to find out how much you should add. [Description provided by NIOSH] AN - cdc:249438 KW - Family KW - Occupational Health KW - Public Health KW - Safety KW - Water supply; Drinking water; Ground water; Families; Information dissemination; Public health; Bacteria KW - Family KW - Occupational Health KW - Public Health KW - Safety LA - eng PB - University of Washington PY - 2019/11/30 TI - Is my well water safe to drink? UR - https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/249438 ER -
Effects of county-level attributes on geographic variation in female breast cancer mortality rates across counties in United States.

Chien L-C ;

Gimeno D

2017/05/20 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

Background: Though studies have examined geographic disparities in breast cancer mortality among United States (U.S.) counties, county-level risk factors were not accounted for. The aim of this study is to efficiently map the spatial association between female breast cancer mortality rates & socioeconomic attributes across U.S. counties for identif ...

12/01/2025

Title : Effects of county-level attributes on geographic variation in female breast cancer mortality rates across counties in United States. Personal Author(s) : Chien L-C;Gimeno D;Jatoi I;Sagiraju HKR;Valerio M; Published Date : 2017/05/20 URL : https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/249437 Chien L-C et al. (2017). Effects of county-level attributes on geographic variation in female breast cancer mortality rates across counties in United States.. 35(15). Chien L-C et al. "Effects of county-level attributes on geographic variation in female breast cancer mortality rates across counties in United States." 35, no. 15 (2017) Chien L-C et al. "Effects of county-level attributes on geographic variation in female breast cancer mortality rates across counties in United States." vol. 35, no. 15, 2017 Export RIS Citation Information. TY - Abstract or Summary AU - Chien L-C AU - Gimeno D AU - Jatoi I AU - Sagiraju HKR AU - Valerio M AB - Background: Though studies have examined geographic disparities in breast cancer mortality among United States (U.S.) counties, county-level risk factors were not accounted for. The aim of this study is to efficiently map the spatial association between female breast cancer mortality rates & socioeconomic attributes across U.S. counties for identifying high risk geographical clusters in terms of socioeconomic attributes. Methods: County-specific age standardized breast cancer mortality rates for women ≥20 years in the U.S. were obtained for 3,109 counties in 48 contiguous states from Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results program from 1990-2012. County-level attributes such as percentages of Hispanic white, Non-Hispanic white, Non-Hispanic black, < high school education, below 200% poverty, urban, foreign born, language isolation, women aged ≥ 40 years with mammography within last 2 years, and median household income were gathered from U.S. decennial census. Factor analysis condensed county attributes into three factor covariates namely Hispanic immigrants, health care access among urban high socioeconomic population, and non-Hispanic black unemployment. Spatiotemporal analysis was carried out by structured additive regression model to incorporate spatial functions & Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation techniques. Results: Moran's index suggested existence of spatial dependence for breast cancer mortality among U.S. counties. As mammography screening, %urban population, % with high socioeconomic status and non-Hispanic black unemployment increased in counties of the Southwest region, Rocky mountain region and those in the western border of Midwest region of U.S, risk of breast cancer mortality increased significantly above the national average. As the Hispanic immigrant culture increased, counties of Midwest region of U.S had significantly higher mortality rates compared to national average. Conclusions: These initial results describe socio-economic, cultural, and healthcare access factors for observed geographic variations in female breast cancer mortality, and in turn, could support a stronger theoretical basis for public health policy. [Description provided by NIOSH] AN - cdc:249437 IS - 15 KW - Healthcare Disparities KW - Mortality KW - Occupational Health KW - Race Factors KW - Safety KW - Breast cancer; Health disparities; Racial factors; Socioeconomics; Mortality rates; Health care KW - Healthcare Disparities KW - Mortality KW - Occupational Health KW - Race Factors KW - Safety LA - eng PY - 2017/05/20 TI - Effects of county-level attributes on geographic variation in female breast cancer mortality rates across counties in United States. VL - 35 UR - https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/249437 ER -
Evaluation of pulmonary effects of 3-D printer emissions from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene using an air-liquid interface model of primary normal human-derived bronchial epithelial cells.

Battelli L ;

Bowers L

2022/08/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

This study investigated the inhalation toxicity of the emissions from 3-D printing with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filament using an air-liquid interface (ALI) in vitro model. Primary normal human-derived bronchial epithelial cells (NHBEs) were exposed to ABS filament emissions in an ALI for 4 hours. The mean and mode diameters of ABS em ...

12/01/2025

Title : Evaluation of pulmonary effects of 3-D printer emissions from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene using an air-liquid interface model of primary normal human-derived bronchial epithelial cells. Personal Author(s) : Battelli L;Bowers L;Coyle J;Farcas MT;Friend SA;Hammer MA;Hammond, Duane R.;Kashon M;Mandler WK;Matheson J;McKinney W;Orandle M;Qi C;Qian Y;Richardson D;Service S;Stefaniak, Aleksandr B.;Thomas TA; Published Date : 2022/08/01 Pages in Document : 312-328 URL : https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/249436 Battelli L et al. (2022). Evaluation of pulmonary effects of 3-D printer emissions from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene using an air-liquid interface model of primary normal human-derived bronchial epithelial cells.. 41(4). Battelli L et al. "Evaluation of pulmonary effects of 3-D printer emissions from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene using an air-liquid interface model of primary normal human-derived bronchial epithelial cells." 41, no. 4 (2022) Battelli L et al. "Evaluation of pulmonary effects of 3-D printer emissions from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene using an air-liquid interface model of primary normal human-derived bronchial epithelial cells." vol. 41, no. 4, 2022 Export RIS Citation Information. TY - Journal Article AU - Battelli L AU - Bowers L AU - Coyle J AU - Farcas MT AU - Friend SA AU - Hammer MA AU - Hammond, Duane R. AU - Kashon M AU - Mandler WK AU - Matheson J AU - McKinney W AU - Orandle M AU - Qi C AU - Qian Y AU - Richardson D AU - Service S AU - Stefaniak, Aleksandr B. AU - Thomas TA AB - This study investigated the inhalation toxicity of the emissions from 3-D printing with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filament using an air-liquid interface (ALI) in vitro model. Primary normal human-derived bronchial epithelial cells (NHBEs) were exposed to ABS filament emissions in an ALI for 4 hours. The mean and mode diameters of ABS emitted particles in the medium were 175 +/- 24 and 153 +/- 15 nm, respectively. The average particle deposition per surface area of the epithelium was 2.29 × 107 +/- 1.47 × 107 particle/cm2, equivalent to an estimated average particle mass of 0.144 +/- 0.042 µg/cm2. Results showed exposure of NHBEs to ABS emissions did not significantly affect epithelium integrity, ciliation, mucus production, nor induce cytotoxicity. At 24 hours after the exposure, significant increases in the pro-inflammatory markers IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IFN-y, TNF-a, IL-17A, VEGF, MCP-1, and MIP-1a were noted in the basolateral cell culture medium of ABS-exposed cells compared to non-exposed chamber control cells. Results obtained from this study correspond with those from our previous in vivo studies, indicating that the increase in inflammatory mediators occur without associated membrane damage. The combination of the exposure chamber and the ALI-based model is promising for assessing 3-D printer emission-induced toxicity. [Description provided by NIOSH] AN - cdc:249436 IS - 4 KW - Butadienes KW - Cells, Cultured KW - Cytotoxins KW - Hazardous Substances KW - Occupational Health KW - Particulate Matter KW - Printing, Three-Dimensional KW - Respiratory System KW - Safety KW - Styrene KW - Acrylonitrile; Butadienes; Styrenes; Inhalation; Toxins; Emission sources; Three dimensional printing; 3D printing; In vitro study; Particulates; Cytotoxicity; Cell cultures; KW - Author Keywords: 3-D printer; acrylonitrile butadiene styrene; air-liquid interface; filament; human bronchial epithelial cells; in vitro; printer emitted nanoparticles; thermoplastics KW - Butadienes KW - Cells, Cultured KW - Cytotoxins KW - Hazardous Substances KW - Occupational Health KW - Particulate Matter KW - Printing, Three-Dimensional KW - Respiratory System KW - Safety KW - Styrene LA - eng PY - 2022/08/01 TI - Evaluation of pulmonary effects of 3-D printer emissions from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene using an air-liquid interface model of primary normal human-derived bronchial epithelial cells. VL - 41 UR - https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/249436 ER -
Effectiveness of portable HEPA air cleaners on reducing indoor PM2.5 and NH3 in an agricultural cohort of children with asthma: a randomized intervention trial.

Farquhar SA ;

Hardie DC

2021/03/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

We conducted a randomized trial of portable HEPA air cleaners with pre-filters designed to also reduce NH3 in non-smoking homes of children age 6-12 with asthma in Yakima Valley (Washington, USA). Participants were recruited through the Yakima Valley Farm Workers Clinic asthma education program. All participants received education on home triggers ...

12/01/2025

Title : Effectiveness of portable HEPA air cleaners on reducing indoor PM2.5 and NH3 in an agricultural cohort of children with asthma: a randomized intervention trial. Personal Author(s) : Farquhar SA;Hardie DC;Jansen KL;Karr CJ;Krenz JE;Perez A;Riederer AM;Sampson PD;Tchong-French MI;Torres E;Younglove LR; Published Date : 2021/03/01 Pages in Document : 454-466 URL : https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/249435 Farquhar SA et al. (2021). Effectiveness of portable HEPA air cleaners on reducing indoor PM2.5 and NH3 in an agricultural cohort of children with asthma: a randomized intervention trial.. 31(2). Farquhar SA et al. "Effectiveness of portable HEPA air cleaners on reducing indoor PM2.5 and NH3 in an agricultural cohort of children with asthma: a randomized intervention trial." 31, no. 2 (2021) Farquhar SA et al. "Effectiveness of portable HEPA air cleaners on reducing indoor PM2.5 and NH3 in an agricultural cohort of children with asthma: a randomized intervention trial." vol. 31, no. 2, 2021 Export RIS Citation Information. TY - Journal Article AU - Farquhar SA AU - Hardie DC AU - Jansen KL AU - Karr CJ AU - Krenz JE AU - Perez A AU - Riederer AM AU - Sampson PD AU - Tchong-French MI AU - Torres E AU - Younglove LR AB - We conducted a randomized trial of portable HEPA air cleaners with pre-filters designed to also reduce NH3 in non-smoking homes of children age 6-12 with asthma in Yakima Valley (Washington, USA). Participants were recruited through the Yakima Valley Farm Workers Clinic asthma education program. All participants received education on home triggers while intervention families additionally received two HEPA cleaners (child's sleeping area, main living area). Fourteen-day integrated samples of PM2.5 and NH3 were measured at baseline and one-year follow-up. We fit ANCOVA models to compare follow-up concentrations in HEPA vs control homes, adjusting for baseline concentrations. Seventy-one households (36 HEPA, 35 control) completed the study. Most were single-family homes, with electric heat and stove, A/C, dogs/cats, and mean (SD) 5.3 (1.8) occupants. In the sleeping area, baseline geometric mean (GSD) PM2.5 was 10.7 (2.3) µg/m3 (HEPA) vs 11.2 (1.9) µg/m3 (control); in the living area, it was 12.5 (2.3) µg/m3 (HEPA) vs 13.6 (1.9) µg/m3 (control). Baseline sleeping area NH3 was 62.4 (1.6) µg/m3 (HEPA) vs 65.2 (1.8) µg/m3 (control). At follow-up, HEPA families had 60% (95% CI, 41%-72%; p < .0001) and 42% (19%-58%; p = .002) lower sleeping and living area PM2.5, respectively, consistent with prior studies. NH3 reductions were not observed. [Description provided by NIOSH] AN - cdc:249435 IS - 2 KW - Agriculture KW - Air Pollution KW - Air Pollution, Indoor KW - Asthma KW - Asthma, Occupational KW - Environmental Exposure KW - Family KW - Farmers KW - Occupational Health KW - Safety KW - Agricultural industry; Agriculture; Children; Environmental exposure; Farm workers; Families; Air quality; Asthma; Indoor air pollution; HEPA filters; High-efficiency particulate air filters; KW - Author Keywords: asthma; children; HEPA cleaners; NH3; PM2.5; randomized trial KW - Agriculture KW - Air Pollution KW - Air Pollution, Indoor KW - Asthma KW - Asthma, Occupational KW - Environmental Exposure KW - Family KW - Farmers KW - Occupational Health KW - Safety LA - eng PY - 2021/03/01 TI - Effectiveness of portable HEPA air cleaners on reducing indoor PM2.5 and NH3 in an agricultural cohort of children with asthma: a randomized intervention trial. VL - 31 UR - https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/249435 ER -
Emergency medical training for the commercial fishing industry: an expanded role for wilderness medicine.

Bovbjerg VE ;

Jacobson K

2019/09/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

This article describes the conception, implementation, and evaluation of a wilderness medicine-based first aid class for the commercial fishing industry. Commercial fishing is a dangerous occupation in the United States. Currently, commercial fishermen often only have access to basic first aid classes. Because of its focus on austere environments, ...

12/01/2025

Title : Emergency medical training for the commercial fishing industry: an expanded role for wilderness medicine. Personal Author(s) : Bovbjerg VE;Jacobson K;Kincl LD;Miner T;Vaughan A; Published Date : 2019/09/01 Pages in Document : 281-286 URL : https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/249434 Bovbjerg VE et al. (2019). Emergency medical training for the commercial fishing industry: an expanded role for wilderness medicine.. 30(3). Bovbjerg VE et al. "Emergency medical training for the commercial fishing industry: an expanded role for wilderness medicine." 30, no. 3 (2019) Bovbjerg VE et al. "Emergency medical training for the commercial fishing industry: an expanded role for wilderness medicine." vol. 30, no. 3, 2019 Export RIS Citation Information. TY - Journal Article AU - Bovbjerg VE AU - Jacobson K AU - Kincl LD AU - Miner T AU - Vaughan A AB - This article describes the conception, implementation, and evaluation of a wilderness medicine-based first aid class for the commercial fishing industry. Commercial fishing is a dangerous occupation in the United States. Currently, commercial fishermen often only have access to basic first aid classes. Because of its focus on austere environments, hazardous conditions, and distance from definitive medical care-hallmarks of commercial fisheries-wilderness medicine offers a more appropriate approach to decreasing morbidity and mortality in the industry. A 2-d, 16-h pilot wilderness medicine course for commercial fishermen, Fishermen First Aid and Safety Training (FFAST), conducted for Dungeness crab fishermen, was effective and well received, based on pre- and postcourse knowledge, skill, and attitude surveys. FFAST has been approved by the Coast Guard and is being made more widely available to commercial fishermen in the Pacific Northwest. The FFAST program offers an example of how wilderness medicine can improve safety and emergency medical response for a wide variety of austere environments not traditionally linked to the backcountry. [Description provided by NIOSH] AN - cdc:249434 IS - 3 KW - Delivery of Health Care KW - Emergency Responders KW - First Aid KW - Hunting KW - Occupational Health KW - Safety KW - Emergency treatment; Medical care; Fishing industry; First aid; Safety education; Injuries; Marine workers; KW - Author Keywords: occupational health; injury prevention; marine medicine KW - Delivery of Health Care KW - Emergency Responders KW - First Aid KW - Hunting KW - Occupational Health KW - Safety LA - eng PY - 2019/09/01 TI - Emergency medical training for the commercial fishing industry: an expanded role for wilderness medicine. VL - 30 UR - https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/249434 ER -
The Home Air in Agriculture Pediatric Intervention (HAPI) trial: rationale and methods.

Aisenberg G ;

Babadi RS

2020/09/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

Background: Data addressing air quality effects on children with asthma in rural U.S. communities are rare. Our community engaged research partnership previously demonstrated associations between neighborhood NH3 and ambient PM2.5 and asthma in the agricultural lower Yakima Valley of Washington. As a next step, the partnership desired an interventi ...

12/01/2025

Title : The Home Air in Agriculture Pediatric Intervention (HAPI) trial: rationale and methods. Personal Author(s) : Aisenberg G;Babadi RS;Farquhar SA;Jansen KL;Karr CJ;Krenz JE;Masterson EE;Metwali N;Min E;Perez A;Riederer AM;Sampson PD;Tchong French MI;Thorne PS;Torres E;Younglove LB; Published Date : 2020/09/01 URL : https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/249433 Aisenberg G et al. (2020). The Home Air in Agriculture Pediatric Intervention (HAPI) trial: rationale and methods.. 96 Aisenberg G et al. "The Home Air in Agriculture Pediatric Intervention (HAPI) trial: rationale and methods." 96 (2020) Aisenberg G et al. "The Home Air in Agriculture Pediatric Intervention (HAPI) trial: rationale and methods." vol. 96, 2020 Export RIS Citation Information. TY - Journal Article AU - Aisenberg G AU - Babadi RS AU - Farquhar SA AU - Jansen KL AU - Karr CJ AU - Krenz JE AU - Masterson EE AU - Metwali N AU - Min E AU - Perez A AU - Riederer AM AU - Sampson PD AU - Tchong French MI AU - Thorne PS AU - Torres E AU - Younglove LB AB - Background: Data addressing air quality effects on children with asthma in rural U.S. communities are rare. Our community engaged research partnership previously demonstrated associations between neighborhood NH3 and ambient PM2.5 and asthma in the agricultural lower Yakima Valley of Washington. As a next step, the partnership desired an intervention approach to address concerns about pediatric asthma in this largely Latino immigrant, farm worker community. Objective: The Home Air in Agriculture Pediatric Intervention (HAPI) sought to examine the effectiveness of enrichment of an existing asthma education program with portable high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) cleaners designed to reduce PM2.5 and NH3. We investigated the effect of this enriched approach on these exposures and asthma health measures. Design: We randomized children with poorly controlled asthma to a control arm (current asthma education program) or an intervention arm (current asthma education program + placement of two indoor air cleaners in the family's home). Outcomes included (1) 14-day integrated samples of indoor air contaminants (PM2.5 and NH3) at baseline and one-year follow-up and (2) child asthma health metrics at baseline, midpoint (4-6 months) and one-year follow-up. These included the Asthma Control Test, symptoms days, clinical utilization, oral corticosteroid use, pulmonary function, fractional exhaled nitric oxide, and urinary leukotriene E4 concentration. Discussion: To our knowledge, this is the first randomized HEPA cleaner intervention designed to assess NH3 as well as PM2.5 and to evaluate health outcomes of children with asthma in an agricultural region. [Description provided by NIOSH] AN - cdc:249433 KW - Agriculture KW - Air Pollutants, Occupational KW - Air Pollution KW - Air Pollution, Indoor KW - Asthma KW - Asthma, Occupational KW - Community Health Services KW - Environmental Exposure KW - Farmers KW - Occupational Health KW - Safety KW - Agricultural industry; Agriculture; Children; Environmental exposure; Farm workers; Community health; Air quality; Asthma; Indoor air pollution; HEPA filters; High-efficiency particulate air filters; KW - Author Keywords: Asthma; Pediatrics; Environmental exposure; Air pollutants; Agricultural workers' diseases; Air filter KW - Agriculture KW - Air Pollutants, Occupational KW - Air Pollution KW - Air Pollution, Indoor KW - Asthma KW - Asthma, Occupational KW - Community Health Services KW - Environmental Exposure KW - Farmers KW - Occupational Health KW - Safety LA - eng PY - 2020/09/01 TI - The Home Air in Agriculture Pediatric Intervention (HAPI) trial: rationale and methods. VL - 96 UR - https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/249433 ER -
Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety & Health Center: research for healthy workers, strong communities & productive agriculture, year-end report fiscal year 2020.

University of Washington. Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety and Health Center

2020/10/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

The Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety and Health (PNASH) Center conducts Research for Healthy Workers, Strong Communities & Productive Agriculture. Visit our website: http://depts.washington.edu/pnash. PNASH is dedicated to the prevention of illness and injury among agricultural producers, workers, and their families. One of eleven regional cen ...

12/01/2025

Title : Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety & Health Center: research for healthy workers, strong communities & productive agriculture, year-end report fiscal year 2020. Corporate Authors(s) : University of Washington. Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety and Health Center Published Date : 2020/10/01 Pages in Document : 1-53 URL : https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/249432 University of Washington. Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety and Health Center (2020). Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety & Health Center: research for healthy workers, strong communities & productive agriculture, year-end report fiscal year 2020.. University of Washington. Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety and Health Center "Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety & Health Center: research for healthy workers, strong communities & productive agriculture, year-end report fiscal year 2020." (2020) University of Washington. Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety and Health Center "Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety & Health Center: research for healthy workers, strong communities & productive agriculture, year-end report fiscal year 2020." , 2020 Export RIS Citation Information. TY - Report A2 - University of Washington. Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety and Health Center AB - The Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety and Health (PNASH) Center conducts Research for Healthy Workers, Strong Communities & Productive Agriculture. Visit our website: <a href="http://depts.washington.edu/pnash"target="_blank">http://depts.washington.edu/pnash</a>. PNASH is dedicated to the prevention of illness and injury among agricultural producers, workers, and their families. One of eleven regional centers, PNASH serves Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington, integrating expertise from multiple disciplines, institutions, and community partners. The Center is focused on safe and sustainable agricultural workplaces and communities, with an emphasis on injury and illness prevention, especially among hired laborers, migrant/seasonal workers, and children. Our approach: 1. Working in partnership with employers, workers, agencies, and other research and service organizations. 2. Conducting innovative research and intervention programs with a focus on problem-solving. 3. Taking solutions to the workplace through training, outreach, and participatory research. 4. Research priorities and project selections are based on the burden and need of our Northwest communities, including the seriousness of the hazard, the number of people affected, and the probability that research will lead to health improvements. We are housed in the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, at the University of Washington's (UW) School of Public Health, and have formal affiliations with multiple UW programs, as well as with Washington State University (WSU) and Oregon State University (OSU), among others. PNASH's funding base is awarded through the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH/CDC). Relevance: Jobs in the agricultural industries, which include farming, fishing, and forestry, consistently rank among the most dangerous. In addition to injuries and fatalities, agricultural workers also face high risk for illnesses such as lung diseases, hearing loss, heat-related illnesses, skin diseases, and certain cancers associated with chemical use and prolonged sun exposure. Farming is a unique workplace in that families frequently live on-site. Each year, 14,000 children are injured and 100 children are killed in U.S. farms. THIS REPORT & 2019-2020 NIOSH AWARD CYCLE: We invite you, in the following report, to learn about our Year 4 (of 6) progress and preliminary outcomes. Our work this year was impacted by COVID-19, with some research engagement put on hold and our teams pivoting to address immediate needs, such as COVID-19 safety measures for farmworkers in industries with intense labor demands. Each project is at a stage of work with preliminary results and resources to share, so please feel free to contact us with your ideas or interest in communicating these with your networks and communities. Most important to our mission are our partnerships, which help ensure our work is relevant and reach the industries and the workers we serve. And Thank You to our partners, advisors, and our PNASH team of faculty, staff, and students. This work is a testament to your dedication and range of expertise. [Description provided by NIOSH] AN - cdc:249432 KW - Agriculture KW - Farmers KW - Health Promotion KW - Occupational Health KW - Public Health KW - Safety KW - Agricultural industry; Safety education; Public health; Agriculture; Health promotion; Farm workers; Worker safety KW - Agriculture KW - Farmers KW - Health Promotion KW - Occupational Health KW - Public Health KW - Safety LA - eng PB - University of Washington PY - 2020/10/01 TI - Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety & Health Center: research for healthy workers, strong communities & productive agriculture, year-end report fiscal year 2020. UR - https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/249432 ER -

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