Details:

Alternative Title:
J Occup Environ Hyg
Publisher's site:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2017.1302589
Personal Author:
Stefaniak, Aleksandr B. ; LeBouf, Ryan F. ; Yi, Jinghai ; Ham, Jason ; Nurkewicz, Timothy ; ... More +
Stefaniak, Aleksandr B. ; LeBouf, Ryan F. ; Yi, Jinghai ; Ham, Jason ; Nurkewicz, Timothy ; Schwegler-Berry, Diane E. ; Chen, Bean T. ; Wells, J. Raymond ; Duling, Matthew G. ; Lawrence, Robert B. ; Martin, Stephen B. ; Johnson, Alyson R. ; Virji, M. Abbas Less -
Description:
Printing devices are known to emit chemicals into the indoor atmosphere. Understanding factors that influence release of chemical contaminants from printers is necessary to develop effective exposure assessment and control strategies. In this study, a desktop fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3-dimensional (3-D) printer using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) or polylactic acid (PLA) filaments and two monochrome laser printers were evaluated in a 0.5 m| chamber. During printing, chamber air was monitored for vapors using a real-time photoionization detector (results expressed as isobutylene equivalents) to measure total volatile organic compound (TVOC) concentrations, evacuated canisters to identify specific VOCs by off-line gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, and liquid bubblers to identify carbonyl compounds by GC-MS. Airborne particles were collected on filters for off-line analysis using scanning electron microscopy with an energy dispersive x-ray detector to identify elemental constituents. For 3-D printing, TVOC emission rates were influenced by a printer malfunction, filament type, and to a lesser extent, by filament color; however, rates were not influenced by the number of printer nozzles used or the manufacturer's provided cover. TVOC emission rates were significantly lower for the 3-D printer (49-3552 µg h|) compared to the laser printers (5782-7735 µg h|). A total of 14 VOCs were identified during 3-D printing that were not present during laser printing. 3-D printed objects continued to off-gas styrene, indicating potential for continued exposure after the print job is completed. Carbonyl reaction products were likely formed from emissions of the 3-D printer, including 4-oxopentanal. Ultrafine particles generated by the 3-D printer using ABS and a laser printer contained chromium. Consideration of the factors that influenced the release of chemical contaminants (including known and suspected asthmagens such as styrene and 4-oxopentanal) from a FDM 3-D printer should be made when designing exposure assessment and control strategies.
Subject:
[+]
3-D Printing
Acrylonitrile
Air Pollution, Indoor
Aldehydes
Article
Asthma
Butadienes
Chromium
Environmental Monitoring
Indoor Air
Ketones
Office Equipment
Particulate Matter
Polyesters
Printing, Three-Dimensional
Styrene
Volatile Organic Compounds
Volatile Organic Compounds

Source:
J Occup Environ Hyg. 14(7):540-550.
Pubmed ID:
28440728
Pubmed Central ID:
PMC5967408
Document Type:
Journal Article
Funding:
CC999999/Intramural CDC HHS/United States ; R01 ES015022/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States
CC999999/Intramural CDC HHS/United States ; R01 ES015022/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States Less -
Collection(s):
CDC Public Access
Main Document Checksum:
[+]
urn:sha256:13c3c5930444af693ce7508e22951ed44b2ce55e4cedafd2751ee54718b4247b
File Type:

Supporting Files

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  	nihms966182f1.gif	gif
  	nihms966182f1.jpg	jpeg
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