Influence of Resin Color and Printer Brand on Emissions from Stereolithography (SLA) 3-D Printers

Details

• Journal Article:
  ACS Chemical Health & Safety
• Personal Author:
  Stefaniak, Aleksandr B. ; Brusak, Elizabeth D. ; Robinson, Sayon ; Bowers, Lauren N. ; Roemer, Matthew ; Matheson, Joanna ; Friend, Sherri A. ; Virji, M. Abbas
• Description:
  Vat photopolymerization (VP) is an additive manufacturing process that uses light to harden resin and build a 3-dimensional shape. Stereolithography (SLA) printing is a variant of VP that uses a laser beam as the light source to initiate a polymerization reaction. During SLA printing, particles and gases can be emitted into the air; however, factors that influence emissions are poorly understood for this technology. Emissions from two brands of SLA printers from different manufacturers (herein termed A and B) were measured using real-time (particle number and size, total volatile organic compound [TVOC] concentration) and time-integrated (aldehydes, acrylates, aromatics, alkanes, butylated hydroxy toluene, and elements) techniques in an environmental test chamber. Three colors of resins (black, clear, and gray), all from the same manufacturer, were tested on each printer. All statistical comparisons used a significance level of 0.05. Printer brand strongly influenced the emission yields. Printer A had significantly higher particle number yield, smaller particle size, and higher 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2-HEMA) and 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate yields for all resin colors compared with printer B. There were also significant differences between brands in yield values for several aldehydes (acetaldehyde, butyraldehyde, hexaldehyde, isovaleraldehyde, o,m,p-tolualdehyde, and propionaldehyde). Resin color had a minor influence on yields for particle number, some aldehydes, and 2-HEMA for printer A only. The strong influence of printer brand on emissions was partially explained by printer configuration, i.e., printer A had a built-in resin heater, whereas printer B did not. Emission yields of organic chemicals were not always higher for printer A compared with printer B, which indicated that other factors also influenced emissions. Improved understanding of factors that influence emissions from SLA printers is critical for developing exposure mitigation strategies using a hierarchy of controls.
• Subjects:
  Acrylic Resins Occupational Health Printing, Three-Dimensional Safety Volatile Organic Compounds
• Keywords:
  Author Keywords: Ultraviolet Curable Resins; Additive Manufacturing; Vat Photopolymerization; Ultrafine Particles; Aldehydes; Acrylates; Volatile Organic Compounds Three Dimensional Printing; 3D Printing; Additive Manufacturing; Emission Sources; Particle Size; Volatile Organic Compounds; VOCs; Resins; Ultrafine Particles; Printer-emitted Particles; Printers;
• Source:
  ACS Chem Health Saf 2025 Jul; 32(4):504-512
• ISSN:
  1878-0504
• Document Type:
  Text
• Genre:
  Journal Article
• Place as Subject:
  West Virginia ; Maryland ; Philadelphia Region [OSHA]
• CIO:
  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
• Division:
  RHD - Respiratory Health Division ; HELD - Health Effects Laboratory Division
• Topic:
  Workplace Safety & Health
• Location:
  North America
• Pages in Document:
  25 pdf pages
• Volume:
  32
• NIOSHTIC Number:
  nn:20071398
• Contact Point Address:
  Aleksandr B. Stefaniak, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Heath, Respiratory Health Division, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
• Email:
  astefaniak@cdc.gov
• Federal Fiscal Year:
  2025
• Peer Reviewed:
  True
• Collection(s):
  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
• Main Document Checksum:
  urn:sha-512:4bbc538a7cb3b53dcf027b5a8212df5e3b15c44d0a26b99e8db9e6e526cbad34fb1624ee207eff50c260df0120af1e7012919ce57c717124354ff72a3f514b51
• Download URL:
  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/258998/cdc_258998_DS1.pdf
• File Type:
  [PDF - 2.21 MB ]