Assessment and Control of Exposures to Polymeric Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (pMDI) in Spray Polyurethane Foam Applicators

Details

• Personal Author:
  Bello A ; Bello D ; Gore R ; Woskie S ; Xue Y
• Description:
  In this work we characterize personal inhalation and dermal exposures to diphenyl methane diisocyanate (MDI) and other species in polymeric MDI (pMDI) formulations during spray polyurethane foam (SPF) insulation at 14 sites in New England. We further assess the adequacy of current workplace practices and exposure controls via comparative urinary biomonitoring of the corresponding methylene diphenyl diamine (MDA) pre- and post-shift. MDI and pMDI are potent dermal and respiratory sensitizers and asthmagens, strong irritants of the skin, eyes, and the respiratory tract, and may cause skin burns. This study is the first comprehensive report to-date on the work practices, inhalation and dermal exposures to isocyanates and effectiveness of existing controls during SPF applications. Breathing zone exposures to 4,4' MDI (n = 31; 24 sprayers, 7 helpers) ranged from 0.9 to 123.0 ug/m3 and had a geometric mean (GM) of 13.8 ug/m3 and geometric standard deviation (GSD) of 4.8. Stationary near field area samples (n = 15) were higher than personal exposures: GM, 40.9 (GSD, 3.9) ug/m3, range 1.4-240.8 ug/m3. Sixteen percent of personal air samples and 35% of area samples exceeded the National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety's (NIOSH) full shift recommended exposure limit (REL) of 50 ug/m3, assuming zero exposure for the unsampled time. 4,4' MDI load on the glove dosimeters had a GM of 11.4 (GSD 2.9) ug/glove pair/min, suggesting high potential for dermal exposures. Urinary MDA had a GM of 0.7 (GSD, 3.0) umol MDA/mol creatinine (range, nd-14.5 umol MDA/mol creatinine). Twenty-five % of urine samples exceeded the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) biological monitoring guidance value (BMGV) of 1 umol MDA/mol creatinine. We further report on field observations regarding current exposure controls, discuss implications of these findings and opportunities for improving work practices to prevent isocyanate exposures during SPF insulation. [Description provided by NIOSH]
• Subjects:
  Isocyanates Occupational Health Respiratory System Safety Skin Urine
• Keywords:
  Author Keywords: Diphenyl Methane Diisocyanate (MDI) Biological Monitoring Diisocyanates Exposure Assessment Inhalation Isocyanate Asthma Polymeric MDI Polyurethane Foams Respiratory Sensitizers Skin Exposure Spray Polyurethane Foam (SPF) Sprays

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• ISSN:
  1438-4639
• Document Type:
  Text
• Funding:
  Cooperative Agreement
• Genre:
  Journal Article
• Place as Subject:
  Maryland ; Massachusetts ; OSHA Region 1 ; OSHA Region 3
• CIO:
  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
• Topic:
  Workplace Safety & Health
• Location:
  North America
• Volume:
  222
• Issue:
  5
• NIOSHTIC Number:
  nn:20058289
• Citation:
  Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019 Jun; 222(5):804-815
• Contact Point Address:
  Anila Bello, Department of Public Health Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, 61 Wilder Street, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
• Email:
  Anila_Bello@uml.edu
• CAS Registry Number:
  Diphenylmethane diisocyanate (CAS RN 101-68-8)
• Federal Fiscal Year:
  2019
• Performing Organization:
  CPWR - The Center for Construction Research and Training, Silver Spring, Maryland
• Peer Reviewed:
  True
• Start Date:
  20090901
• Source Full Name:
  International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health
• End Date:
  20240831
• Collection(s):
  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
• Main Document Checksum:
  urn:sha-512:e262991d21e9225a0705dfe1355530eafac0e0d7296b950e1084dc1c492fd5abbd75851954155351265e2d681cd9c7e6a1577d61998ef3e14634965070219cdd
• Download URL:
  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/221416/cdc_221416_DS1.pdf
• File Type:
  [PDF - 886.53 KB ]