A Systems Map of the Economic Considerations for Vaccination: Application to Hard-to-Reach Populations

Details

• Alternative Title:
  Vaccine
• Personal Author:
  Cox, Sarah N. ; Wedlock, Patrick T. ; Pallas, Sarah W. ; Mitgang, Elizabeth A. ; Yemeke, Tatenda T. ; Bartsch, Sarah M. ; Abimbola, Taiwo ; Sigemund, Sheryl S. ; Wallace, Aaron ; Ozawa, Sachiko ; Lee, Bruce Y.
• Description:
  Background:
  
  Understanding the economics of vaccination is essential to developing immunization strategies that can be employed successfully with limited resources, especially when vaccinating populations that are hard-to-reach.
  
  Methods:
  
  Based on the input from interviews with 24 global experts on immunization economics, we developed a systems map of the mechanisms (i.e., necessary steps or components) involved in vaccination, and associated costs and benefits, focused at the service delivery level. We used this to identify the mechanisms that may be different for hard-to-reach populations.
  
  Results:
  
  The systems map shows different mechanisms that determine whether a person may or may not get vaccinated and the potential health and economic impacts of doing so. The map is divided into two parts: 1) the costs of vaccination, representing each of the mechanisms involved in getting vaccinated (n=23 vaccination mechanisms), their associated direct vaccination costs (n=18 vaccination costs), and opportunity costs (n=5 opportunity costs), 2) the impact of vaccination, representing mechanisms after vaccine delivery (n=13 impact mechanisms), their associated health effects (n=10 health effects for beneficiary and others), and economic benefits (n=13 immediate and secondary economic benefits and costs). Mechanisms that, when interrupted or delayed, can result in populations becoming hard-to-reach include getting vaccines and key stakeholders (e.g., beneficiaries/caregivers, vaccinators) to a vaccination site, as well as vaccine administration at the site.
  
  Conclusion:
  
  Decision-makers can use this systems map to understand where steps in the vaccination process may be interrupted or weak and identify where gaps exist in the understanding of the economics of vaccination. With improved understanding of system-wide effects, this map can help decision-makers inform targeted interventions and policies to increase vaccination coverage in hard-to-reach populations.
  
  
• Subjects:
  Humans Immunization Immunization Programs Vaccination Vaccination Coverage Vaccines
• Keywords:
  Alzheimer's Disease Alzheimer's Disease Sequencing Project Antiviral Agents Economic Benefits Hard-To-Reach Herpes Simplex Human Papillomavirus Systems Map Torque Teno Viruses Vaccination Costs Whole Exome Sequencing Whole Genome Sequencing

  More +
• Source:
  Vaccine. 39(46):6796-6804
• Pubmed ID:
  34045101
• Pubmed Central ID:
  PMC8889938
• Document Type:
  Journal Article
• Funding:
  R01 GM127512/GM/NIGMS NIH HHSUnited States/ ; U01 HD086861/HD/NICHD NIH HHSUnited States/ ; R01 HS028165/HS/AHRQ HHSUnited States/ ; R01 HS023317/HS/AHRQ HHSUnited States/ ; NU2GGH002000/CC/CDC HHSUnited States/
• Volume:
  39
• Issue:
  46
• Collection(s):
  CDC Public Access
• Main Document Checksum:
  urn:sha-512:8b5d3f6a10da79e4273efa7a45a0050baf3825a6febdf20e45f14b5a2297f87ce8e9c8a82dee1bad201dc7bde4daaaacf0d6b09912b9b2c8a6c11a0d5f977f99
• Download URL:
  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/115082/cdc_115082_DS1.pdf
• File Type:
  [PDF - 671.97 KB ]