Changes in Work Arrangements, Psychosocial Working Conditions, and Worker Well-Being Between 2018 and 2022: Evidence from the General Social Survey

Details

• Journal Article:
  American Journal of Industrial Medicine
• Personal Author:
  Ray, Tapas K. ; Pana-Cryan, Regina ; Bhattacharya, Anasua
• Description:
  Background: We used national-level data to compare worker demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, work arrangements, psychosocial working conditions, safety and health, job security, wages and benefits, and worker health and well-being before the COVID-19 pandemic, in 2018, and in the late stage of the pandemic, in 2022. Understanding these changes helps inform some of the potential ways these factors may shape the future of work. Methods: We analyzed self-reported and publicly available data from the 2018 and 2022 waves of the General Social Survey (GSS)-Quality of Worklife (QWL) module, focusing on adults working part-time or full-time. We describe differences in the broad categories of interest mentioned above, as well as subcategories within each. For example, we assessed changes in psychosocial working conditions by focusing on subcategories that included job demands, job control, role conflict, resource adequacy, job support, work flexibility, and work and family interface, that is, the boundaries between work and family life. We used Mann-Whitney tests to assess statistically significant changes, using weighted, nationally representative worker samples (N = 1473 in 2018; N = 2112 in 2022). Results: Between 2018 and 2022, we observed two changes in work arrangements; the share of independent contractors increased (from 12.4% to 14.4%) while the share of those working full-time decreased (from 81.3% to 78.5%). Psychosocial conditions exhibited mixed trends; job demands and control showed marginal improvement, while role conflict, resource adequacy, and job support worsened. The share of workers who mainly worked at home increased (6.6%-17.2%), alongside those experiencing family-work conflict (from 26% to 32%). Health and well-being also worsened, with more workers reporting lower job satisfaction and very often feeling used up (from 13.1% to 16.0%). In addition, workers reported more days in poor mental health (from 3.6 to 4.4 days) and days with activity limitations (from 1.6 to 2.2) in the past 30 days. Conclusions: The quality of worklife in 2022 differed meaningfully from 2018, though not uniformly for better or worse. For example, increases in working at home and the share of independent contractor arrangements suggest different potential long-term consequences for worker well-being. Continued monitoring and more nuanced analyses are essential to understanding the evolving future of work. Description provided by NIOSH
• Subjects:
  • Mental Health
  • Occupational Health
  • Safety
  • Work-Life Balance
• Keywords:
  • Work arrangements; Psychosocial factors; Wellbeing; Quality of work life; QWL; Future of work; Work-family conflict; Mental health; Job design
• Source:
  Am J Ind Med 2026 May; :Epub ahead of print
• ISSN:
  0271-3586
• Document Type:
  Text
• Genre:
  Journal Article
• Place as Subject:
  Chicago Region OSHA ; District of Columbia ; Ohio ; Philadelphia Region OSHA
• CIO:
  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
• Division:
  OD - Office of the Director
• Topic:
  Workplace Safety & Health
• Location:
  North America
• Pages in Document:
  15 pdf pages
• NIOSHTIC Number:
  nn:20071659
• Contact Point Address:
  Tapas K. Ray, Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Washington, DC, USA
• Email:
  CVT1@CDC.GOV
• Federal Fiscal Year:
  2026
• Peer Reviewed:
  True
• Download URL:
  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/259432/cdc_259432_DS1.pdf
• File Type:
  [PDF - 418.64 KB]
• Collection(s):
  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
• Main Document Checksum:
  urn:sha-512:9b10f3e51075bd3b05326c654ffeb89ad0f9c84d02935be3ca3bb77938af164478ed6220bf43182779ee124f23c10ffe561dbf3028505459d2564bd28e0b9df8