Fabrication and Optimization of a Hybrid 3D-Printed Flexible Electrochemical Biosensor for Sensitive Detection of 1-Hydroxypyrene Glucuronide, an Associated Wildfire Exposure Biomarker

Details

• Journal Article:
  Talanta
• Personal Author:
  Fu, Yonghao ; Chen, Chuchu ; Li, Xinyi ; Song, Yang ; Simpson, Christopher D. ; Naeher, Luke P. ; Qiu, Kaiyan ; Du, Dan
• Description:
  The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from wood smoke are harmful to human health. In this study, an innovative 3D-printed flexible electrochemical biosensor was developed for the detection of 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide (1-OHPG), a major metabolite of PAHs in human urine. The proposed biosensor integrated competitive immunoassay and electrochemical analysis to enhance detection specificity and sensitivity. Three 3D printing techniques, fused deposition modeling (FDM), stereolithography (SLA), and direct ink writing (DIW), were synergistically combined to improve performance and reduce fabrication costs of the biosensor. Polylactic acid/carbon black-based electrodes were produced via FDM printing and activated through chemical treatment using N,N-dimethylformamide, 0.5 M H2SO4, 1 M NaOH followed by electrochemical treatment at 2.5 V for 100 s in 0.1 M PBS solution to enhance their electrochemical activity. The flexible biosensor substrate was fabricated using SLA printing to enable integration with the electrodes. Using the DIW method, Ag/AgCl conductive paste was printed to serve as the reference electrode. The hapten-bovine serum albumin conjugate was uniformly immobilized on the working electrode via DIW printing to enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of the bioassay. The biosensor exhibited a low detection limit of 0.012 ng/mL, a broad linear range from 0.01 to 200 ng/mL, and a recovery rate of 95% to 105% in spiked human urine samples. This study demonstrates a novel hybrid 3D-printed flexible biosensor for 1-OHPG detection in urine, offering a simple, accurate, sensitive and cost-effective strategy with great potential for rapid, portable and reliable biomonitoring of wood smoke exposure. Description provided by NIOSH
• Subjects:
  • Firefighters
  • Occupational Health
  • Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
  • Printing, Three-Dimensional
  • Safety
  • Wildfires
• Keywords:
  • Wildfires; Wildland fire smoke; Biomarkers; Biosensors; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Urine; Three dimensional printing; 3D printing; Immunoassays; Fire fighters; Smoke inhalation;
  • Author Keywords: 3D printing; 3D-printed electrochemical biosensor; 1-Hydroxypyrene glucuronide; Wood smoke biomarker; Competitive immunoassay
• Source:
  Talanta 2026 Sep; 307:129778
• ISSN:
  0039-9140
• Document Type:
  Text
• Funding:
  Grant
• Genre:
  Journal Article
• Place as Subject:
  Atlanta Region OSHA ; Georgia ; San Francisco Region OSHA ; Washington
• CIO:
  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
• Topic:
  Workplace Safety & Health
• Location:
  North America
• Pages in Document:
  11 pdf pages
• Volume:
  307
• NIOSHTIC Number:
  nn:20071620
• Contact Point Address:
  Kaiyan Qiu, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, United States
• Email:
  kaiyan.qiu@wsu.edu
• CAS Registry Number:
  • 1-Hydroxypyrene glucuronide (CAS RN 154717-05-2)
• Federal Fiscal Year:
  2026
• NORA Priority Area:
  Public Safety ; Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing
• Performing Organization:
  Washington State University
• Peer Reviewed:
  True
• Start Date:
  20230901
• End Date:
  20270831
• Download URL:
  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/259395/cdc_259395_DS1.pdf
• File Type:
  [PDF - 6.32 MB]
• Collection(s):
  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
• Main Document Checksum:
  urn:sha-512:a6436b8505a9e7101881ae2bfc41c6dbffcee5aeb87b52bab3b381887dcda70c84d715e852112f64fe1a93c45b584d36709335776877ce101b10abae3d3f54d6