Effects of E-Cigarette Flavoring Chemicals on Human Macrophages and Bronchial Epithelial Cells

Details

• Personal Author:
  Attfield KR ; Boots TE ; Fowles JR ; Leonard, Stephen S. ; Mnatsakanova A ; Morris AM
• Description:
  E-cigarettes utilize a wide range of flavoring chemicals with respiratory health effects that are not well understood. In this study, we used pulmonary-associated cell lines to assess the in vitro cytotoxic effects of 30 flavoring chemicals. Human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) and both naïve and activated macrophages (THP-1) were treated with 10, 100, and 1000 µM of flavoring chemicals and analyzed for changes in viability, cell membrane damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and inflammatory cytokine release. Viability was unaffected for all chemicals at the 10 and 100 µM concentrations. At 1000 µM, the greatest reductions in viability were seen with decanal, hexanal, nonanal, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, vanillin, alpha-pinene, and limonene. High amounts of ROS were elicited by vanillin, ethyl maltol, and the diketones (2,3-pentanedione, 2,3- heptanedione, and 2,3-hexanedione) from both cell lines. Naïve THP-1 cells produced significantly elevated levels of IL-1β, IL-8, and TNF-a when exposed to ethyl maltol and hexanal. Activated THP-1 cells released increased IL-1β and TNF-a when exposed to ethyl maltol, but many flavoring chemicals had an apparent suppressive effect on inflammatory cytokines released by activated macrophages, some with varying degrees of accompanying cytotoxicity. The diketones, L-carvone, and linalool suppressed cytokine release in the absence of cytotoxicity. These findings provide insight into lung cell cytotoxicity and inflammatory cytokine release in response to flavorings commonly used in e-cigarettes. [Description provided by NIOSH]
• Subjects:
  Cytotoxins Electrical Equipment And Supplies Flavoring Agents Occupational Health Safety Smokers
• Keywords:
  Airway Epithelium Author Keywords: Electronic Cigarettes Cytotoxic Effects Cytotoxicity E-cigarettes Electronic Devices Flavorings Inflammation In Vitro Study Macrophages Reactive Oxygen Species ROS Smoking Toxicity

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• ISSN:
  1660-4601
• Document Type:
  Text
• Genre:
  Journal Article
• Place as Subject:
  California ; OSHA Region 3 ; OSHA Region 9 ; West Virginia
• CIO:
  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
• Division:
  HELD - Health Effects Laboratory Division
• Topic:
  Workplace Safety & Health
• Location:
  North America
• Volume:
  18
• Issue:
  21
• NIOSHTIC Number:
  nn:20063901
• Citation:
  Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021 Nov; 18(21):11107
• Contact Point Address:
  Kathleen R. Attfield, Environmental Health Investigations Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
• Email:
  kathleen.attfield@cdph.ca.gov
• Federal Fiscal Year:
  2022
• NORA Priority Area:
  Manufacturing
• Peer Reviewed:
  True
• Source Full Name:
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
• Collection(s):
  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
• Main Document Checksum:
  urn:sha-512:3123d0f955a311d60cbeb0b75c95f6b09de6e5f42c2b6c8e82843f3cf8af429e93dd7cd42009aacc0aadd5c2a8c3fd80fcf4ee48bc3506f550e891554ede5302
• Download URL:
  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/222440/cdc_222440_DS1.pdf
• File Type:
  [PDF - 6.88 MB ]