Concurrent Assessment on Blood Lead in Young Children and Toy Lead in Shanghai

Details

• Personal Author:
  Chen S ; Gao Z ; Huang L ; Lin Y ; Nie LH ; Peng J ; Specht AJ ; Xu J ; Yan C
• Description:
  Since toys are potential sources of lead contamination for young children, we aim to explore potential correlations between blood-lead-levels (BLLs) of young children and toy-lead contamination using two concurrent investigations. In investigation-1, a total of 2249 children under 7 years old were studied using stratified-cluster-sampling in 6 districts of Shanghai, parents completed questionnaires and children's whole-blood was collected, and then BLLs were measured using tungsten-atomizer-absorption-spectrophotometer. In investigation-2, a total of 288 toys made of different materials (plastic, wooden, metals, and stuffed cloth) were collected in 6 great supermarkets/toy-stores and toy-lead-levels were measured by a portable X-ray-fluorescence instrument. The geometric-mean of BLLs was 2.02 µg/dL. Adjusting for related confounders, playing with plastic toys was a significant risk factor (β = 0.067, P < 0.05) for BLL-increment. Plastic toys accounted for the highest proportion (154/288, 53.47%) and had the highest rates exceeding toy-lead-standards (the over-standard rates of ≥ 300/600 mg/kg, plastic toys: 3.90%/1.30%; other toys: 0.00%/0.00%). Children's BLLs in the three (Pudong-suburban, Xuhui, and Yangpu) districts and toy-lead over-standard rates in the neighboring stores were compared, the highest BLLs and over-standard rates were both found in Pudong-suburban district and similar BLLs and over-standard rates were observed between Yangpu and Xuhui districts (Pudong-suburban vs. Xuhui vs. Yangpu: 2.07 vs. 1.55 vs. 1.50 µg/dL for the medians of BLLs, P < 0.001; 1.67% vs. 0.00% vs. 0.00% for the over-standard rates of ≥ 600 mg/kg). This study raised the possibility that lead contamination in toys (especially in low social-economic-status areas) might be associated with BLLs in young children. Lead contamination from plastic toys needs cautions for preventing children from lead exposure. [Description provided by NIOSH]
• Subjects:
  Environmental Exposure Environmental Pollution Occupational Health Plastics Safety
• Keywords:
  Author Keywords: Child Blood Lead Blood Lead Levels Children Environmental Pollution Plastic Toys Toy Lead X-ray Fluorescence Analysis
• ISSN:
  2451-9766
• Document Type:
  Text
• Funding:
  Grant
• Genre:
  Journal Article
• Place as Subject:
  Indiana ; Massachusetts ; OSHA Region 1 ; OSHA Region 5
• CIO:
  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
• Topic:
  Workplace Safety & Health
• Location:
  North America
• Volume:
  16
• Issue:
  3
• NIOSHTIC Number:
  nn:20069891
• Citation:
  Expo Health 2024 Jun; 16(3):633-642
• Contact Point Address:
  Jian Xu, Department of Child Healthcare, The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 910 Hengshan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200030, China
• Email:
  sonia0616@sjtu.edu.cn
• CAS Registry Number:
  Lead (CAS RN 7439-92-1)
• Federal Fiscal Year:
  2024
• Performing Organization:
  Purdue University
• Peer Reviewed:
  True
• Start Date:
  20210901
• Source Full Name:
  Exposure and Health
• End Date:
  20220731
• Collection(s):
  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
• Main Document Checksum:
  urn:sha-512:3f8cb2447b2615ec05621bfdd39847ab11add5c7db2434de3b525ea1fc3aa46e607f95b9ceb28e88d52083b8d3735856843d5805507c2b37b6e95c4833a32d6f
• Download URL:
  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/208227/cdc_208227_DS1.pdf
• File Type:
  [PDF - 1.38 MB ]