Biomonitoring of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Exposure and Dose in Farm Families

Details

• Personal Author:
  Acquavella JF ; Alexander BH ; Baker BA ; Bartels MJ ; Burns CJ ; Gustin C ; Mandel JS ; Acquavella JF ; Alexander BH ; Baker BA ; Bartels MJ ; Burns CJ ; Gustin C ; Mandel JS
• Description:
  Objective: We estimated 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) exposure and systemic dose in farm family members following an application of 2,4-D on their farm. Methods: Farm families were recruited from licensed applicators in Minnesota and South Carolina. Eligible family members collected all urine during five 24-hr intervals, 1 day before through 3 days after an application of 2,4-D. Exposure profiles were characterized with 24-hr urine 2,4-D concentrations, which then were related to potential predictors of exposure. Systemic dose was estimated using the urine collections from the application day through the third day after application. Results: Median urine 2,4-D concentrations at baseline and day after application were 2.1 and 73.1 µ g/L for applicators, below the limit of detection, and 1.2 µ g/L for spouses, and 1.5 and 2.9 µ g/L for children. The younger children (4-11 years of age) had higher median post-application concentrations than the older children (= 12 years of age) (6.5 vs. 1.9 µ g/L). The geometric mean systemic doses (micrograms per kilogram body weight) were 2.46 (applicators), 0.8 (spouses), 0.22 (all children), 0.32 (children 4-11 years of age), and 0.12 (children = 12 years of age). Exposure to the spouses and children was primarily determined by direct contact with the application process and the number of acres treated. Multivariate models identified glove use, repairing equipment, and number of acres treated as predictors of exposure in the applicators. Conclusions: We observed considerable heterogeneity of 2,4-D exposure among farm family members, primarily attributable to level of contact with the application process. Awareness of this variability and the actual magnitude of exposures are important for developing exposure and risk characterizations in 2,4-D-exposed agricultural populations. [Description provided by NIOSH]
• Subjects:
  Aging Agriculture Air Pollutants, Occupational Biochemistry Chemistry Chemistry, Analytic Demography Environmental Monitoring Epidemiology Family Farmers Hazardous Substances Herbicides Hypersensitivity Insecticides Occupational Health Particulate Matter Respiratory System Risk Assessment Risk Factors Safety Urine

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• Keywords:
  Age-groups Agricultural-chemicals Agricultural-processes Agricultural-workers Airborne-particles Analytical-chemistry Analytical-processes Author Keywords: 2,4-D Biochemical-analysis Biohazards Biological-effects Biological-systems Biomonitoring Chemical-hypersensitivity Chemical-reactions Children Demographic-characteristics Dose-response Epidemiologic Studies Exposure-assessment Exposure-levels Exposure-methods Families Herbicide Inhalation-studies Pesticide Exposure Pesticides Pesticides-and-agricultural-chemicals Physical-reactions Physiological-chemistry Physiological-effects Physiological-measurements Physiological-response Physiological-testing Physiology Quantitative-analysis Risk-analysis Risk-factors Statistical-analysis Urine-chemistry

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• ISSN:
  0091-6765
• Document Type:
  Text
• Funding:
  Grant
• Genre:
  Journal Article ; Journal Article
• Place as Subject:
  California ; Georgia ; Michigan ; Minnesota ; OSHA Region 4 ; OSHA Region 5 ; OSHA Region 9
• CIO:
  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) ; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
• Topic:
  Workplace Safety & Health ; Workplace Safety & Health
• Location:
  North America ; North America
• Pages in Document:
  370-376
• Volume:
  115
• Issue:
  3
• NIOSHTIC Number:
  nn:20037479
• Citation:
  Environ Health Perspect 2007 Mar; 115(3):370-376
• Contact Point Address:
  Bruce H. Alexander, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, MMC 807 Mayo Building, Room 1260, 420 Delaware St. S.E. Minneapolis, MN 55455
• Email:
  balex@umn.edu
• CAS Registry Number:
  (2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (CAS RN 94-75-7) ; (2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (CAS RN 94-75-7)
• Federal Fiscal Year:
  2007
• Performing Organization:
  University of Minnesota Twin Cities
• Peer Reviewed:
  True
• Start Date:
  20050701
• Source Full Name:
  Environmental Health Perspectives
• End Date:
  20250630
• Collection(s):
  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
• Main Document Checksum:
  urn:sha-512:10c56ddf919c056c7376b9ff45bac037f14b68272e9329709a66ce6fa9bdc27e8dbc9ef9eeb93fbabb1f8555b2e816b0fbd4784473f5d1746ea026b043715a6b
• Download URL:
  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/188571/cdc_188571_DS1.pdf
• File Type:
  [PDF - 508.02 KB ]