Acute and chronic respiratory effects of exposure to inhaled toxic agents.

Details

• Personal Author:
  Frank R
• Description:
  The acute and chronic effects of exposure to inhaled toxic agents are reviewed with respect to occupations and industries at risk, animal studies, and recommendations for prevention and further research. Agents discussed are ammonia (7664417) (NH3), cadmium (7440439), chlorine (7782505) (Cl), hydrogen-sulfide (7783064), mercury (7439976), osmium-tetroxide (20816120), oxides of nitrogen, ozone (10028156) (O3), phosgene (75445), sulfur-dioxide (7446095), and vanadium-pentoxide (1314621). Respiratory effects following acute or accidental exposure to any of the agents are dependent upon the concentration of the agent and the duration of the exposure. Factors modifying the individual's response to any particular exposure include preexisting heart or lung disease, prior exposure to the same agent, level of activity during exposure, and age at exposure. Symptoms of mild exposure to irritant gases relatively soluble in aqueous solution (NH3, Cl) are usually confined to the upper airways and include sneezing, throat irritation, unpleasant smell or taste, and tearing. Intensive exposure extends the airway involvement resulting in cough, sputum, chest constriction, and bronchospasm. The most intense exposures damage the alveolar capillary parenchyma resulting in pulmonary edema. The physiologic changes are not unique to the agent but reflect the respiratory involvement. Irritant gases mildly soluble in aqueous solution (O3, nitrous-oxide (10024972)) shift their primary effect to the periphery of the respiratory system. Detection of early abnormality requires a careful history, identification of cause, and periodic testing. Competing risks from nonoccupational sources are also discussed. Separate bibliographies were provided for each causative agent.
• Subjects:
  Accidents, Occupational Air Pollutants, Occupational Air Pollution, Indoor Infrared Rays Occupational Health Safety Solvents
• Keywords:
  Air-contamination Environmental-exposure Occupational-diseases Occupational-health Pulmonary-system-disorders Respiratory-irritants Toxic-gases Toxic-vapors Worker-health
• Publisher:
  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
• Document Type:
  Text
• Genre:
  Chapter
• Place as Subject:
  OSHA Region 3 ; West Virginia
• CIO:
  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
• Division:
  DRDS - Division of Respiratory Disease Studies
• Topic:
  Workplace Safety & Health
• Location:
  North America
• Pages in Document:
  571-605
• NIOSHTIC Number:
  nn:00170165
• Citation:
  Occupational respiratory diseases. Merchant, James A., Bochlecke BA, Taylor G, eds. Morgantown, WV: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 86-102, 1986 Sep; :571-605
• CAS Registry Number:
  Ammonia (CAS RN 7664-41-7) ; Cadmium (CAS RN 7440-43-9) ; Chlorine (CAS RN 7782-50-5) ; Hydrogen sulfide (CAS RN 7783-06-4) ; Mercury (CAS RN 7439-97-6) ; Osmium tetroxide (CAS RN 20816-12-0) ; Ozone (CAS RN 10028-15-6) ; Phosgene (CAS RN 75-44-5) ; Sulfur dioxide (CAS RN 7446-09-5) ; Vanadium oxide (V2O5) (CAS RN 1314-62-1) ; Nitrous oxide (CAS RN 10024-97-2)
• Editor(s):
  Merchant, James A. ; Bochlecke BA ; Taylor G
• Federal Fiscal Year:
  1986
• Peer Reviewed:
  False
• Source Full Name:
  Occupational respiratory diseases
• Collection(s):
  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
• Main Document Checksum:
  urn:sha-512:2acdc4ae9d47a4a18322fc6ecc6733eba21cce7ed23b0479558e4e3727838d17f8151c81e0a0df0649642a8097eec5d618b91e8c789a42f75cd9ac42acd5135b
• Download URL:
  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/179963/cdc_179963_DS1.pdf
• File Type:
  [PDF - 1.35 MB ]