Late sequelae of COVID-19
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Late sequelae of COVID-19

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  • Corporate Authors:
    National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (U.S.). Division of Viral Diseases.
  • Description:
    Updated Nov. 13, 2020

    The identification of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in December 2019 has led to a growing and continually evolving body of knowledge about the virus and the disease it causes, COVID-19.

    In peer-reviewed literature and public discussion, persistent symptoms are being reported among COVID-19 survivors, including individuals who initially experience a mild acute illness. These persistent symptoms pose new challenges to patients, healthcare providers, and public health practitioners. The natural history of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 is a current area of investigation, and the prevalence, type, duration, and severity of persistent symptoms following resolution of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as risk factors associated with their development, are currently being studied.

    While older patients may have an increased risk for severe disease, young survivors, including those physically-fit prior to SARS-CoV-2 infection, have also reported symptoms months after acute illness (1, 2, 11). Research is underway to differentiate symptoms of a prolonged course of COVID-19 illness from sequelae following resolution of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, achieve consensus on the time period at which to define the post-acute and long-term phases of COVID-19, and distinguish health effects exclusively related to infection with SARS-CoV-2 from consequences of procedures and treatments required for care of persons with severe disease of any etiology.

    Characterization of the etiology and pathophysiology of late sequelae is underway, and may reflect organ damage from the acute infection phase (17), manifestations of a persistent hyperinflammatory state (27, 31), ongoing viral activity associated with a host viral reservoir (14), or an inadequate antibody response (30). Factors in addition to acute disease that may further complicate the picture include physical deconditioning (10) at baseline or after a long disease course (29), pre-COVID-19 comorbidities (18), and psychological sequelae following a long or difficult disease course (31) as well as those relating to lifestyle changes due to the pandemic (9). Likely, the persistent sequelae of COVID-19 represent multiple syndromes resulting from distinct pathophysiological processes along the spectrum of disease.

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