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Introduction -- Background -- Evolution of HIV Testing Recommendations in Health-Care Settings and for Pregnant Women -- Rationale for Screening for HIV Infection -- Rationale for New Recommendations -- -- Recommendations for Adults and Adolescents -- Screening for HIV Infection -- Repeat Screening -- Consent and Pretest Information -- Diagnostic Testing for HIV Infection -- Similarities and Differences Between Current and Previous Recommendations for Adults and Adolescents -- -- Recommendations for Pregnant Women -- HIV Screening for Pregnant Women and Their Infants -- Similarities and Differences Between Current and Previous Recommendations for Pregnant Women and Their Infants -- -- Additional Considerations for HIV Screening -- Test Results -- Clinical Care for HIV-Infected Persons -- Partner Counseling and Referral -- Special Considerations for Screening Adolescents -- Prevention Services for HIV-Negative Persons -- HIV/AIDS Surveillance -- Monitoring and Evaluation -- Primary Prevention and HIV Testing in Nonclinical Settings -- Regulatory and Legal Considerations -- Other Guidelines -- -- Acknowledgment -- References

"These recommendations for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing are intended for all health-care providers in the public and private sectors, including those working in hospital emergency departments, urgent care clinics, inpatient services, substance abuse treatment clinics, public health clinics, community clinics, correctional health-care facilities, and primary care settings. The recommendations address HIV testing in health-care settings only. They do not modify existing guidelines concerning HIV counseling, testing, and referral for persons at high risk for HIV who seek or receive HIV testing in nonclinical settings (e.g., community-based organizations, outreach settings, or mobile vans). The objectives of these recommendations are to increase HIV screening of patients, including pregnant women, in health-care settings; foster earlier detection of HIV infection; identify and counsel persons with unrecognized HIV infection and link them to clinical and prevention services; and further reduce perinatal transmission of HIV in the United States. These revised recommendations update previous recommendations for HIV testing in health-care settings and for screening of pregnant women (CDC. Recommendations for HIV testing services for inpatients and outpatients in acute-care hospital settings. MMWR 1993;42[No. RR-2]:1-10; CDC. Revised guidelines for HIV counseling, testing, and referral. MMWR 2001;50[No. RR-19]:1-62; and CDC. Revised recommendations for HIV screening of pregnant women. MMWR 2001;50[No. RR-19]:63-85). Major revisions from previously published guidelines are as follows: For patients in all health-care settings HIV screening is recommended for patients in all health-care settings after the patient is notified that testing will be performed unless the patient declines (opt-out screening). Persons at high risk for HIV infection should be screened for HIV at least annually. Separate written consent for HIV testing should not be required; general consent for medical care should be considered sufficient to encompass consent for HIV testing. Prevention counseling should not be required with HIV diagnostic testing or as part of HIV screening programs in health-care settings. For pregnant women HIV screening should be included in the routine panel of prenatal screening tests for all pregnant women. HIV screening is recommended after the patient is notified that testing will be performed unless the patient declines (opt-out screening). Separate written consent for HIV testing should not be required; general consent for medical care should be considered sufficient to encompass consent for HIV testing. Repeat screening in the third trimester is recommended in certain jurisdictions with elevated rates of HIV infection among pregnant women." - p. 1

Guidelines and Recommendations

United States