Non-gay-identifying men who have sex with men are at risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. To understand these men and to develop interventions to reduce their HIV risks, the authors interviewed staff at agencies that serve non-gay-identifying men who have sex with men, business people who interact with them, and the men themselves. Interviews were augmented with focus groups of non-gay-identifying men who have sex with men and field observations at sites identified as places where they meet to negotiate or have sex. These qualitative data suggested 73 possible groups, which were consolidated into 16 broader "sectors," and then formally ranked by level of HIV risk, ease of access to the sector, psychosocial risks, and influence of other local interventions or research activities. The authors identified six priority groups of non-gay-identifying men who have sex with men (and sites where members of these groups could be approached): hustlers, closeted men, experimenters, incarcerated or formerly incarcerated men, men of color, and heterosexually identified bisexuals. Masturbation and oral sex were reportedly common, but anal and vaginal sex were also noted; condom use was rarely reported. Risk behaviors among non-gay-identifying men who have sex with men persist for a variety of reasons and may require a variety of intervention approaches.
This special volume of Public Health Reports presents avariety of methods, based on behavioral science, that havebeen employed in developing interventions for HIV prevention,particularly for programs targeted at high-risk, hardto-reach populations. C...
Simons, Paul Z.; Rietmeijer, Cornelis A.; Kane, M. Steven; Guenther-Grey, Caroly; Higgins, Donna L.; Cohn, David L.;
Published Date:
1996
Source:
Public Health Rep. 111(Suppl 1):50-53
Description:
As part of a multi-site Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-funded initiative, a community-level HIV prevention project targeting injection drug users was implemented in the FivePoints community in Denver, Colorado. The protocol for the initia...
Current HIV prevention counseling strategies rely largely on interventions aimed at changing behaviors. Among these is HIV prevention counseling and testing, which has been a prominent component in the federally supported strategies for HIV/AIDS prev...
Health departments and community-based organizations across the United States are funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to conduct street outreach to facilitate risk reduction among a variety of hard-to-reach populations who are at...
The prevention of HIV in Women and Infants Demonstration Projects use a conceptual model for maximizing broad community participation for HIV prevention called the Community Mobilization Framework. The projects' comprehensive approach attempts to bri...
Cabral, R J; Galavotti, C; Gargiullo, P M; Armstrong, K; Cohen, A; Gielen, A C; Watkinson, L;
Published Date:
1996
Source:
Public Health Rep. 111(Suppl 1):75-82
Description:
This report describes a mid-course process evaluation of an HIV risk-reduction counseling intervention delivered by specially trained peer paraprofessionals. One of the key questions addressed is whether paraprofessionals can successfully implement a...
This paper describes a method for estimating the true resource costs of counseling for HIV prevention. The method includes identifying the resources used in counseling, determining the true unit costs of the resources used, and calculating the total ...
Buehler, James W.; Diaz, Theresa; Hersh, Bradley S.; Chu, Susan Y.;
Published Date:
1996
Source:
Public Health Rep. 111(Suppl 1):133-137
Description:
A variety of surveillance methods are used to characterize the epidemic of HIV infection and AIDS. Such surveillance includes AIDS case reporting, reporting of diagnosed HIV infections, and HIV seroprevalence surveys among targeted sentinel populatio...
Holtgrave, David R.; Harrison, Janet; Gerber, Russell A.; Aultman, Terru V.; Scarlett, Margaret;
Published Date:
1996
Source:
Public Health Rep. 111(Suppl 1):108-114
Description:
To be effective, HIV prevention programs should be planned in partnership with affected communities and should be built on a solid scientific foundation. In 1994, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and its prevention partners implem...
Corby, Nancy H.; EnguÃdanos, Susan M.; Kay, Linda S.;
Published Date:
1996
Source:
Public Health Rep. 111(Suppl 1):54-58
Description:
A theory-based HIV prevention intervention was implemented as part of a five-city AIDS Community Demonstration Project for the development and testing of a community-level intervention to reduce AIDS risk among historically underserved groups. This i...
Schnell, D J; Galavotti, C; Fishbein, Martin; Chan, D K;
Published Date:
1996
Source:
Public Health Rep. 111(Suppl 1):59-68
Description:
The stages of behavior change model has been used to understand a variety of health behaviors. Since consistent condom use has been promoted as a risk-reduction behavior for prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, an algorithm for...
This article discusses methods and elements of three major national health survey systems, particularly as they relate to HIV infection and AIDS. The National Health Interview Survey and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System provide informat...
This paper describes two systems, the HIV Counseling and Testing Data System and the National Health Interview Survey, AIDS Knowledge and Attitudes Supplement, that collect behavioral information on HIV counseling and testing in the United States. To...
Outreach has a long history in health and social service programs as an important method for reaching at-risk persons within their communities. One method of "outreach" is based on the recruitment of networks of community members (or "networkers") to...
Higgins, D L; O'Reilly, K; Tashima, N; Crain, C; Beeker, C; Goldbaum, G; Elifson, C S; Galavotti, C; Guenther-Grey, C;
Published Date:
1996
Source:
Public Health Rep. 111(Suppl 1):28-35
Description:
The AIDS Community Demonstration Projects provided community-level HIV prevention interventions to historically hard-to-reach groups at high risk for HIV infection. The projects operated under a common research protocol which encompassed formative re...
Through one of its many HIV prevention programs, the Prevention Marketing Initiative, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention promotes a multifaceted strategy for preventing the sexual transmission of HIV/AIDS among people less than 25 years o...