Estimates of the reproduction number for seasonal, pandemic, and zoonotic influenza: a systematic review of the literature
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Estimates of the reproduction number for seasonal, pandemic, and zoonotic influenza: a systematic review of the literature

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  • English
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    • Alternative Title:
      BMC Infect Dis
    • Personal Author:
    • Description:
      Background

      The potential impact of an influenza pandemic can be assessed by calculating a set of transmissibility parameters, the most important being the reproduction number (R), which is defined as the average number of secondary cases generated per typical infectious case.

      Methods

      We conducted a systematic review to summarize published estimates of R for pandemic or seasonal influenza and for novel influenza viruses (e.g. H5N1). We retained and summarized papers that estimated R for pandemic or seasonal influenza or for human infections with novel influenza viruses.

      Results

      The search yielded 567 papers. Ninety-one papers were retained, and an additional twenty papers were identified from the references of the retained papers. Twenty-four studies reported 51 R values for the 1918 pandemic. The median R value for 1918 was 1.80 (interquartile range [IQR]: 1.47–2.27). Six studies reported seven 1957 pandemic R values. The median R value for 1957 was 1.65 (IQR: 1.53–1.70). Four studies reported seven 1968 pandemic R values. The median R value for 1968 was 1.80 (IQR: 1.56–1.85). Fifty-seven studies reported 78 2009 pandemic R values. The median R value for 2009 was 1.46 (IQR: 1.30–1.70) and was similar across the two waves of illness: 1.46 for the first wave and 1.48 for the second wave. Twenty-four studies reported 47 seasonal epidemic R values. The median R value for seasonal influenza was 1.28 (IQR: 1.19–1.37). Four studies reported six novel influenza R values. Four out of six R values were <1.

      Conclusions

      These R values represent the difference between epidemics that are controllable and cause moderate illness and those causing a significant number of illnesses and requiring intensive mitigation strategies to control. Continued monitoring of R during seasonal and novel influenza outbreaks is needed to document its variation before the next pandemic.

      Electronic supplementary material

      The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-480) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

    • Subjects:
    • Source:
      BMC Infect Dis. 14.
    • Document Type:
      Journal Article
    • Funding:
      U54 GM088491/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States
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