Bromine and Chlorine Disinfection of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts, Bacillus atrophaeus Spores, and MS2 Coliphage in Water

Details

• Personal Author:
  Abebe LS ; Bailey ES ; Brown J ; Coleman CK ; Kim J ; Simmons OD III ; Sobsey MD
• Description:
  Conventional water treatment practices utilizing chemical disinfection, especially chlorination, are considered generally effective in producing microbiologically safe drinking water. However, protozoan pathogens such as oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum are very resistant to chlorine, which has led to consideration of alternative disinfectants for their control. Free bromine, HOBr, has not been evaluated extensively as an alternative halogen disinfectant for inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum in drinking water or reclaimed water for non-potable uses. Bromine is a versatile disinfectant consisting of different chemical forms with persistent microbicidal efficacy under varied water quality conditions and is effective against a range of waterborne microbes of health concern. The objectives of this study are to (1) compare the efficacy of free bromine to free chlorine at similar concentrations (as milligrams per liter) for disinfection of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, Bacillus atrophaeus spores, and MS2 coliphage in a model buffered water and (2) evaluate the kinetics of inactivation of these microorganisms using appropriate disinfection models. Overall, at a target concentration of approx. 5 mg/L, bromine averaged 0.6 log (73.8%) reductions of C. parvum oocyst infectivity after 300 min (CT: 1166 min·mg/L) and produced up to a 0.8 log reduction disinfectant activity. An approx. 5.0 mg/L chlorine dose increased oocyst infectivity by only 0.4 log (64%) after 300 min (CT: 895 min·mg/L). Bacillus atrophaeus spores and MS2 coliphage treated with bromine and chlorine were reduced by 4 log10 (99.99%) for both disinfectants over the duration of the experiments. [Description provided by NIOSH]
• Subjects:
  Chlorine Communicable Diseases Disinfectants Microbiology Occupational Health Safety
• Keywords:
  Author Keywords: Cryptosporidium Bacillus Spores Bromine Disinfection Drinking Water Infectious Diseases Microorganisms MS2 Coliphage Pathogens Water Purification Water Supply Water Treatment

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• ISSN:
  0013-936X
• Document Type:
  Text
• Funding:
  Grant
• Genre:
  Journal Article
• Place as Subject:
  North Carolina ; OSHA Region 4
• CIO:
  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
• Topic:
  Workplace Safety & Health
• Location:
  North America
• Volume:
  57
• Issue:
  47
• NIOSHTIC Number:
  nn:20067885
• Citation:
  Environ Sci Technol 2023 Nov; 57(47):18744-18753
• Contact Point Address:
  Mark D. Sobsey, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, CB#7431, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
• Email:
  mark_sobsey@unc.edu
• CAS Registry Number:
  Bromine (CAS RN 7726-95-6) ; Chlorine (CAS RN 7782-50-5)
• Federal Fiscal Year:
  2024
• Performing Organization:
  University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
• Peer Reviewed:
  True
• Start Date:
  20050701
• Source Full Name:
  Environmental Science and Technology
• End Date:
  20270630
• Collection(s):
  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
• Main Document Checksum:
  urn:sha-512:769d0f17f63f705ee9974186289912835927625ee350b371c56923cd64d61ebcce155c48db935857a72e4925c3980e9b4985c0307d4cf372b08190a4e939c913
• Download URL:
  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/230122/cdc_230122_DS1.pdf
• File Type:
  [PDF - 2.29 MB ]