Additive Manufacturing for Occupational Hygiene: A Comprehensive Review of Processes, Emissions, & Exposures

Details

• Personal Author:
  Du Plessis JL ; Du Preez S ; Stefaniak, Aleksandr B.
• Description:
  This comprehensive review introduces occupational (industrial) hygienists and toxicologists to the seven basic additive manufacturing (AM) process categories. Forty-six articles were identified that reported real-world measurements for all AM processes, except sheet lamination. Particles released from powder bed fusion (PBF), material jetting (MJ), material extrusion (ME), and directed energy deposition (DED) processes exhibited nanoscale to submicron scale; real-time particle number (mobility sizers, condensation nuclei counters, miniDiSC, electrical diffusion batteries) and surface area monitors (diffusion chargers) were generally sufficient for these processes. Binder jetting (BJ) machines released particles up to 8.5 µm; optical particle sizers (number) and laser scattering photometers (mass) were sufficient for this process. PBF and DED processes (powdered metallic feedstocks) released particles that contained respiratory irritants (chromium, molybdenum), central nervous system toxicants (manganese), and carcinogens (nickel). All process categories, except those that use metallic feedstocks, released organic gases, including (but not limited to), respiratory irritants (toluene, xylenes), asthmagens (methyl methacrylate, styrene), and carcinogens (benzene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde). Real-time photoionization detectors for total volatile organics provided useful information for processes that utilize polymer feedstock materials. More research is needed to understand 1) facility-, machine-, and feedstock-related factors that influence emissions and exposures, 2) dermal exposure and biological burden, and 3) task-based exposures. Harmonized emissions monitoring and exposure assessment approaches are needed to facilitate inter-comparison of study results. Improved understanding of AM process emissions and exposures is needed for hygienists to ensure appropriate health and safety conditions for workers and for toxicologists to design experimental protocols that accurately mimic real-world exposure conditions. [Description provided by NIOSH]
• Subjects:
  Occupational Health Printing, Three-Dimensional Safety
• Keywords:
  3D Printing Additive Manufacturing Author Keywords: 3D Printing Gases Industrial Emission Sources Industrial Hygiene Industrial Processes Monitoring Nanoparticles Nanoscale Particles Printer-emitted Particles Process Descriptions Research Needs Systematic Reviews Three Dimensional Printing Ultrafine Particles

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• ISSN:
  1093-7404
• Document Type:
  Text
• Genre:
  Journal Article
• Place as Subject:
  OSHA Region 3 ; West Virginia
• CIO:
  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
• Division:
  RHD - Respiratory Health Division
• Topic:
  Workplace Safety & Health
• Location:
  North America
• Pages in Document:
  173-222
• Volume:
  24
• Issue:
  5
• NIOSHTIC Number:
  nn:20062986
• Citation:
  J Toxicol Environ Health B 2021 Jul; 24(5):173-222
• Contact Point Address:
  A. B. Stefaniak, Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
• Email:
  AStefaniak@cdc.gov
• Federal Fiscal Year:
  2021
• NORA Priority Area:
  Manufacturing
• Peer Reviewed:
  True
• Source Full Name:
  Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B: Critical Reviews
• Collection(s):
  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
• Main Document Checksum:
  urn:sha-512:96fdd4a77556b06e819248a28b895b8c4d235c157180003963f2b9c676c2dd42696d1c9ce0b09c8847f19407e6f6d496058175d80e84a699a65017c0174eb31b
• Download URL:
  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/226129/cdc_226129_DS1.pdf
• File Type:
  [PDF - 7.42 MB ]