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Nanostructured Materials for Selective Collection of Trace-Level Metals from Aqueous Systems



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  • Description:
    Several separations and filtration techniques are available for the collection of trace - level species and each method must be matched to a specific application. For trace - level metals in solution arguably the best and most widely used methods involve solid phase sorbent materials that provide effective capture of desired metal species. Effectiveness of the solid phase sorbent for any given application is determined by availability, cost, and performance. Activated carbon and ion exchangers are widely available and relatively cheap but lack, in most cases, the performance necessary for many analytical applications. Activated carbon and ion exchangers generally fail to have the selectivity and affinity needed for trace analyte collection from actual environmental matrices. To understand and respond to situations involving toxic materials it is critical to quickly identify the toxic material(s) involved and the extent of contamination. This is a key issue for circumstances ranging from responding to terrorist attacks to monitoring the effects of environmental remediation. Unfortunately, analytical technology does not presently exist to meet these needs. Instruments powerful enough to meet the required speed, sensitivity, and selectivity requirements often do not function well outside of rigorously controlled laboratory conditions and are usually very complex and expensive. Simple screening methods that provide immediate results in the field enable on - site, near real - time decisions. These field screening methods are typically less costly and more rapid than formal laboratory analysis; this is significant since site testing and monitoring typically involves extensive sampling. To meet this need, a wide range of field screening methods for identifying chemical, biological, and nuclear materials is presently being marketed and used. Unfortunately, existing field assay methods are typically inadequate because they lack the selectivity and sensitivity needed to provide reliable information. The degree and type of improvement needed vary with the application but sensitivity improvements of greater than 1000 × are typically required, and much larger enhancements would usually be preferred. This large leap in analytical performance is very unlikely to be achieved with incremental improvements in measurement procedure, instrument design, or improved electronics. A new analytical approach is required. In many circumstances the deficiencies in selectivity and sensitivity could be addressed with high - performance sorbent materials that selectively concentrate target analytes. In addition to concentrating target analytes the sorbent can exclude interfering species and provide a uniform, well-defined sample matrix for analysis. Sorbents coupled with instrumentation could be used for either real-time analysis of the signature species or as a rapid screening method to flag those samples that require more detailed analysis. Sorbents coupled with rugged, compact instrumentation could provide portable, yet highly sensitive, field analyzers that could be quickly reconfigured for new analytes simply by changing the sorbent material. Sorbents used in these systems could be designed to be reusable, renewable, or disposable depending upon the instrument configuration desired and material chemistries involved. These same sorbents could be used to improve the performance of traditional laboratory techniques with more effective sample clean up. This chapter is a discussion and review of various advanced nanostructured materials applicable to the selective collection of trace - level analytes from aqueous systems for sensing and separation applications. For consistency and comparison, when possible, materials expressing thiol surface chemistry are used as examples. While a plethora of surface chemistries exist, and many have relevance to environmental challenges, thiol surface chemistry is highly effective for the capture of many toxic heavy metals from aqueous systems, and serves as a useful baseline to compare materials performance. Further, thiol surface chemistry has been demonstrated on a range of nanostructures and therefore provides continuity and a common platform for nanomaterial comparison. This chapter is organized into sections by material type. Discussions are broken down into the materials science and application of: functionalized nanoporous silica material; functionalized magnetic nanomaterials; carbon - based nanostructured materials; other materials such as zeolites, and imprinted polymers; concluding thoughts on economics and the future of nanostructured materials in trace analysis. [Description provided by NIOSH]
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  • Keywords:
  • ISBN:
    9783527323500
  • Publisher:
    Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA
  • Document Type:
    Text
  • Funding:
    Grant
  • Genre:
  • Place as Subject:
  • CIO:
  • Topic:
  • Location:
  • Pages in Document:
    191-221
  • NIOSHTIC Number:
    nn:20061005
  • Citation:
    Trace analysis with nanomaterials. Pierce DT, Zhao JX eds. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2010 Jun; :191-221
  • CAS Registry Number:
  • Editor(s):
  • Federal Fiscal Year:
    2010
  • Performing Organization:
    Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories
  • Peer Reviewed:
    False
  • Start Date:
    20060901
  • Source Full Name:
    Trace analysis with nanomaterials
  • End Date:
    20090831
  • Collection(s):
  • Main Document Checksum:
    urn:sha-512:dc0ffc4d9efe71ee526ff8ed3c2f6df5a627591498dae22af610f97ec30e5e5984586cbe7fe0b954d52d2ae9df097d1e84fa7e17dcef88cfd7eda3f435cb6d5a
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  • File Type:
    Filetype[PDF - 358.99 KB ]
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