How Do Coverage Policies Influence Practice Patterns, Safety, and Cost of Initial Lumbar Fusion Surgery? A Population-Based Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Systems

Details

• Personal Author:
  Deyo RA ; Franklin GM ; Lurie JD ; Martin BI ; Mirza SK ; Wickizer TM
• Description:
  Background context: In response to increasing use of lumbar fusion for improving back pain, despite unclear efficacy, particularly among injured workers, some insurers have developed limited coverage policies. Washington State's workers' compensation (WC) program requires imaging confirmation of instability and limits initial fusions to a single level. In contrast, California requires coverage if a second opinion supports surgery, allows initial multilevel fusion, and provides additional reimbursement for surgical implants. There are no studies that compare population-level effects of these policy differences on utilization, costs, and safety of lumbar fusion. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare population-level data on the use of complex fusion techniques, adverse outcomes within 3 months, and costs for two states with contrasting coverage policies. Study design and setting: The study design was an analysis of WC patients in California and Washington using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's State Inpatient Databases, 2008-2009. Patient sample: All patients undergoing an inpatient lumbar fusion for degenerative disease (n=4,628) were included the patient sample. Outcome measure(s): Outcome measures included repeat lumbar spine surgery, all-cause readmission, life-threatening complications, wound problems, device complications, and costs. Methods: Log-binomial regressions compared 3-month complications and costs between states, adjusting for patient characteristics. Results: Overall rate of lumbar fusion operations through WC programs was 47% higher in California than in Washington. California WC patients were more likely than those in Washington to undergo fusion for controversial indications, such as nonspecific back pain (28% versus 21%) and disc herniation (37% versus 21%), as opposed to spinal stenosis (6% versus 15%), and spondylolisthesis (25% versus 41%). A higher percentage of patients in California received circumferential procedures (26% versus 5%), fusion of three or more levels (10% versus 5%), and bone morphogenetic protein (50% versus 31%). California had higher adjusted risk for reoperation (relative risk [RR] 2.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.27-2.29), wound problems (RR 2.64; 95% CI, 2.62-2.65), device complications (RR 2.49; 95% CI, 2.38-2.61), and life-threatening complications (RR 1.31; 95% CI, 1.31-1.31). Hospital costs for the index procedure were greater in California ($49,430) than in Washington ($40,114). Conclusions: Broader lumbar fusion coverage policy was associated with greater use of lumbar fusion, use of more invasive operations, more reoperations, higher rates of complications, and greater inpatient costs. [Description provided by NIOSH]
• Subjects:
  Occupational Health Safety
• Keywords:
  Author Keywords: Lumbar Spine Fusion Back Pain Costs Coverage And Reimbursement Degenerative Disease Injuries Low Back Disorders Medical Treatment Readmission Safety And Quality Surgery Workers' Compensation Workers Compensation

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• ISSN:
  1529-9430
• Document Type:
  Text
• Funding:
  Grant
• Genre:
  Journal Article
• Place as Subject:
  New Hampshire ; Ohio ; Oregon ; OSHA Region 1 ; OSHA Region 10 ; OSHA Region 5 ; Washington
• CIO:
  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
• Topic:
  Workplace Safety & Health
• Location:
  North America
• Volume:
  14
• Issue:
  7
• NIOSHTIC Number:
  nn:20056921
• Citation:
  Spine J 2014 Jul; 14(7):1237-1246
• Contact Point Address:
  Brook I. Martin PhD, MPH, Department of Orthopaedics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, One Medical Center Drive, HB-7541, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
• Email:
  Brook.I.Martin@Dartmouth.edu
• Federal Fiscal Year:
  2014
• Performing Organization:
  University of Washington
• Peer Reviewed:
  False
• Start Date:
  20050701
• Source Full Name:
  The Spine Journal
• End Date:
  20250630
• Collection(s):
  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
• Main Document Checksum:
  urn:sha-512:1fc7936db598607c40a1799886b31d353c49e901262579f02cbc3523b3245d5ea6b61656105bef76beddca85ae9abf562430fb4c4cd239c58b63f30f58337ba9
• Download URL:
  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/214414/cdc_214414_DS1.pdf
• File Type:
  [PDF - 154.90 KB ]