Risk Assessment Studies: Epidemiology

Details

• Personal Author:
  Johnson CY ; Lawson, Christina C. ; Rocheleau CM ; Whelan, Elizabeth A.
• Description:
  Extrapolating results of animal models to humans in real-life settings can be difficult; epidemiologic studies of the factors influencing the frequency and distribution of diseases in human populations are therefore critical to identifying human reproductive toxicants. Case reports, surveillance systems, and observational studies (including cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort designs) can be used, respectively, to generate hypotheses, estimate prevalence of disease in populations, and examine correlations between toxicant exposures and adverse reproductive outcomes. Major challenges in observational reproductive epidemiologic studies include exposure assessment, identifying all outcomes accurately (including when outcomes might be competing or not come to clinical attention) and addressing sources of bias. Examples of occupational and environmental exposures examined in observational epidemiologic studies include heavy metals, pesticides, organic solvents, dioxins and dioxin-like compounds, endocrine disruptors, exposures in the healthcare setting, tobacco use and second-hand smoke, and air pollution. Emerging areas of study include life-course epidemiology, epigenetics, and nanomaterials. As technology changes and new materials are used in industry, research on health effects of those materials will be needed. Improvements in our understanding of mechanisms of reproductive toxicity, improved sources of epidemiologic data, and new tools to evaluate past exposure promise to transform the study of reproductive epidemiology. [Description provided by NIOSH]
• Subjects:
  Air Pollutants, Occupational Animals Dioxins Endocrine System Environment Environmental Exposure Epidemiology Hazardous Substances Insecticides Laboratories Metals, Heavy Occupational Health Pregnancy Risk Assessment Risk Factors Safety Solvents Tobacco Products Urogenital System

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• Keywords:
  Air Pollutants Author Keywords: Birth Defects Endocrine Disruptors Exposure Assessment Exposure Levels Fertility Health Effects Heavy Metals Laboratory Animals Menstrual Cycle Miscarriage Models Nanomaterials Nanotechnology Observational Studies Occupation Organic Solvents Pesticides Preterm Birth Reproductive Reproductive Effects Risk Assessment Risk Factors Secondhand Smoke Small For Gestational Age Stillbirth Surveillance Tobacco Toxins Workplace

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• ISBN:
  9780081006016
• Publisher:
  Elsevier
• Document Type:
  Text
• Genre:
  Book
• Place as Subject:
  Ohio ; OSHA Region 5
• CIO:
  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
• Division:
  DSHEFS - Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies
• Topic:
  Workplace Safety & Health
• Location:
  North America
• Pages in Document:
  414-425
• NIOSHTIC Number:
  nn:20051194
• Citation:
  Comprehensive toxicology, third edition. McQueen CA, ed. Oxford, UK: Elsevier, 2017 Dec; :414-425
• Editor(s):
  McQueen CA
• Federal Fiscal Year:
  2018
• NORA Priority Area:
  Manufacturing
• Peer Reviewed:
  False
• Source Full Name:
  Comprehensive toxicology, third edition
• Collection(s):
  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
• Main Document Checksum:
  urn:sha-512:a7e19e1787d4d30c5b9a0e44023841b0214c30fccc45fe2255b2ec150bc532d2fd349861ad2d868f91b9363c8f2265c39b88898810c8c41546db3712fac7d702
• Download URL:
  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/211277/cdc_211277_DS1.pdf
• File Type:
  [PDF - 140.80 KB ]