Recent Advances in Electrochemical Immunosensors

Details

• Personal Author:
  Du D ; Lin Y ; Wen W ; Yan X ; Zhu C
• Description:
  In the past two years, thousands of research papers were published regarding the development of EIs. We have summarized recent remarkable progress in the design and construction of novel EIs, with a specific focus on emerging signal amplification strategies and new devices. By using functional nanomaterials, a DNA/enzyme amplification approach, and new electroanalytical techniques, EIs are both sensitive and selective, especially in the simplification and miniaturization of devices, making them ideally suitable for POC diagnosis. On the basis of the literature discussed in this Review, the sensitivity and selectivity of EIs can be improved as follows: (1) the development of proper electrode-modified materials with novel properties to improve the electrical conductivity and increase the specific surface area, (2) the use of novel functional nanomaterials that serve as antibody carriers, catalysts, and signal tags, (3) the use of a DNA or enzyme-based amplification approach, and (4) the development of a new immune recognition element that requires a high binding affinity for the binding target. On the other hand, the integration of EIs into microfluidic and paper-based platforms, hand-held devices, arrays, and chips can be achieved via high automation, simplicity, and miniaturization and promotes the commercialization of devices in the near future. Although the desirable advantages in current electrochemical immunoassays are obvious, there are still some significant challenges and obstacles in this field. For instance, the stable and effective integration of the recognition event (antibody) into the electrochemical analytical system is the key factor for the establishment of a successful EI. Because of the macromolecular structure and the nonconductive properties of the antibody, it is often necessary to conjugate the antibody to functionalized nanomaterials, which will inevitably increase the complexity, cost, and time of immunosensor construction. Furthermore, due to the complicated preparation process of EIs and the complexity of the immunoassay, the reproducibility and stability of EI are susceptible. Particularly, environmental conditions can influence the performance of EIs with antibodies or enzymes. Most importantly, the practical sample analysis in complex matrices or in an online analysis of implanted organisms is also a challenging task in the development of electrochemical immunoassays. Thus, future endeavors should directly focus on solving these problems. With the further development of science and technology, tremendous opportunities and broad prospects for the development of EIs have emerged. Coupling newly developed nanomaterials with other recognition elements such as nanobodies, peptide aptamers, and protein receptors would open up new avenues for electrochemical immunoassays and further extend their applications. Especially, the use of multifunctional nanomaterials with rich nanostructures could improve the performance of a sensor and increase the sensitivity and the accuracy of the sensor. Furthermore, the integration of an emerging sensing platform into EIs shows promising applications in personalized POC measurements. 3D printing technologies are capable of improving the reproducibility and stability of EI by precise device production processes with fast design-to-object multiplex capabilities and different analytical formats. In combination with 3D printing technologies, the immune recognition event can be converted into a measurable digital signal by hand-held, wearable, and implantable devices, for example, smartphones and wrist watches. With the advantages of real-time monitoring and the transfer of information to a big data network, these EI devices will pave the way for a new generation of analytical devices in the POC field, which is critical for homeland security, food safety, infectious disease control, and personal health applications. We, therefore, envision that EIs will certainly play important roles in future biosensing. [Description provided by NIOSH]
• Subjects:
  Antibodies Enzymes Occupational Health Safety
• Keywords:
  Deoxyribonucleic Acids DNA Electrochemical Properties Monitoring Systems Nanomaterials Nanotechnology Sensors Signal Devices
• ISSN:
  0003-2700
• Document Type:
  Text
• Funding:
  Grant
• Genre:
  Journal Article
• Place as Subject:
  OSHA Region 10 ; Washington
• CIO:
  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
• Topic:
  Workplace Safety & Health
• Location:
  North America
• Pages in Document:
  138-156
• Volume:
  89
• Issue:
  1
• NIOSHTIC Number:
  nn:20050104
• Citation:
  Anal Chem 2017 Jan; 89(1):138-156
• Contact Point Address:
  Yuehe Lin, School of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
• Email:
  Yuehe.lin@wsu.edu
• Federal Fiscal Year:
  2017
• NORA Priority Area:
  Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing
• Performing Organization:
  Washington State University
• Peer Reviewed:
  True
• Start Date:
  20150901
• Source Full Name:
  Analytical Chemistry
• End Date:
  20180831
• Collection(s):
  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
• Main Document Checksum:
  urn:sha-512:b43a24a70f6f7e04d1980782b33d9ac69cf3399b9af9243f35f7a605bfcd0801b6532bd1c5c3e04f9e8c75b7036b04c114a85d03a57c8f1169761fa7c8c0bbdd
• Download URL:
  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/210598/cdc_210598_DS1.pdf
• File Type:
  [PDF - 5.26 MB ]