lmmunotoxicological methods and applications: animal models

Details

• Personal Author:
  Bruccoleri A ; Germolec DR ; Luster MI ; Simeonova PP
• Description:
  Adverse effects on the immune system may occur from exposure to a wide variety of chemical agents and can result in hypersensitivity, autoimmunity, immunomodulation (suppression or enhancement), and inflammation. The diverse pathogenesis of these responses and the different targets that may be effected (e.g., lung, skin, systemic), necessitates that different testing strategies be employed for their assessment. As such, no "one" test or "one" battery will allow complete assessment of a xenobiotic's affect on the immune system, and a flexible approach will be required. For autoimmunity, there are no standardized models currently available for rapid screening. Autoimmune-prone and hyperimmune rodent models as well as the popliteal lymph node assay (PLNA) have been used to establish that certain compounds may contribute to the etiology of autoimmune diseases, but their utility in screening is unknown. For hypersensitivity, guinea pig models have been used historically. Mouse assays have been developed, such as the local lymph node assay (LLNA) which should represent a marked improvement in testing strategies. Similarly, in vitro assays to help define contact irritants are being developed. Rapid screening batteries for systemic immunomodulation are available. The "gold-standard" test has been examination of the primary antibody response to an antigenic challenge, which may be quantitated in sera by ELISA procedures or by the antibody PFC assay. In studies where groups of animals are not available for immunization, "nonfunctional" tests have been successfully employed, albeit with some loss in sensitivity. Although not discussed in this chapter, consideration must also be given to assessment of potentially sensitive populations such as neonates as well as wildlife species. Work is underway to elucidate the molecular basis for many hereditary diseases, thus it would follow that immunotoxicological evaluation would also incorporate molecular markers to supplement and eventually replace the more conventional tests that are currently conducted. As this process evolves, it will be essential that we maintain a practical understanding of these molecular changes as they pertain to our knowledge of risk assessment. [Description provided by NIOSH]
• Subjects:
  Immune System Occupational Health Safety
• Keywords:
  Autoimmune Diseases Autoimmunity Immunologic Disorders Immunology Immunotoxins Models
• ISBN:
  9780080429700
• Publisher:
  Pergamon Press
• Document Type:
  Text
• Genre:
  Book
• Place as Subject:
  OSHA Region 3 ; West Virginia
• CIO:
  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
• Division:
  HELD - Health Effects Laboratory Division
• Topic:
  Workplace Safety & Health
• Location:
  North America
• Pages in Document:
  499-510
• Volume:
  5
• NIOSHTIC Number:
  nn:20047875
• Citation:
  Comprehensive toxicology. Volume 5: Toxicology of the immune system. Sipes IG, McQueen CA, Gandolfi AJ, eds. New York: Pergamon Press, 1997 Aug; 5:499-510
• Editor(s):
  Sipes IG; McQueen CA; Gandolfi AJ
• Federal Fiscal Year:
  1997
• Peer Reviewed:
  False
• Source Full Name:
  Comprehensive toxicology. Volume 5: Toxicology of the immune system
• Collection(s):
  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
• Main Document Checksum:
  urn:sha-512:05e757a3664ada84d279e77d176477ea27fe42bd442d56b937c0cf9878ccea5052c13b309f1a0b40e909f4eafe4479ce1297d0b010c8ee89dbe16400253b1c67
• Download URL:
  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/202827/cdc_202827_DS1.pdf
• File Type:
  [PDF - 7.99 MB ]