Human skin is permselective for the small, monovalent cations sodium and potassium but not for nickel and chromium

Details

• Personal Author:
  Kasting GB ; La Count TD
• Description:
  The molar conductance of excised human skin (lambda(skin)) immersed in electrolyte solutions comprising four cationic (Na(+), K(+), Ni(2+), and Cr(3+)) and five anionic (Cl(-), NO3(-), SO4(2-), CrO4(2-), and Cr2O7(2-)) species was determined as a function of concentration in Franz diffusion cells. Cation transport numbers for four of these electrolytes were measured in Franz cells by the electromotive force method. Parallel experiments were conducted in solutions alone to establish the validity of the technique. Molar conductance decreased with increasing concentration, following the Kohlrausch law, over a 4-12-fold concentration range. Molar conductance and cation transport values at infinite dilution were extrapolated from these data and used to estimate ionic conductances at infinite dilution. These values were subsequently used to calculate limiting ion mobilities and diffusivities in solution and skin. Results for skin showed the expected increase in cation permselectivity for monovalent cations and a 40-110-fold reduction in effective diffusivities with respect to those in solution. However, Ni(2+) and Cr(3+) were relatively less mobile in skin than in solution. Salt diffusivities calculated from ionic mobilities in skin provided a partial explanation for the difference in allergenic potency of NiCl2 compared with NiSO4 and Cr(3+) versus Cr(6+) salts. [Description provided by NIOSH]
• Subjects:
  Chromium Energy Metabolism Nickel Occupational Health Potassium Compounds Safety Skin Skin Absorption
• Keywords:
  Author Keywords: Skin Cell-metabolism Chromium Chromium-compounds Diffusion-analysis Electrolytes Humans Ion-transport Iontophoresis Mathematical-models Mathematical Model Membrane-filters Membrane Conductance/Resistance Membrane Transport Metabolic-activation Metabolism Mobility Models Nickel Nickel-compounds Permeability Polar Pathway Potassium-compounds Skin-absorption Sodium-compounds

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• ISSN:
  0022-3549
• Document Type:
  Text
• Funding:
  Grant
• Genre:
  Journal Article
• Place as Subject:
  Ohio ; OSHA Region 5
• CIO:
  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
• Topic:
  Workplace Safety & Health
• Location:
  North America
• Volume:
  102
• Issue:
  7
• NIOSHTIC Number:
  nn:20043620
• Citation:
  J Pharm Sci 2013 Jul; 102(7):2241-2253
• Contact Point Address:
  Gerald B. Kasting, Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267
• Email:
  Gerald.Kasting@uc.edu
• CAS Registry Number:
  Chromium (CAS RN 7440-47-3) ; Nickel (CAS RN 7440-02-0) ; Potassium (CAS RN 7440-09-7) ; Sodium (CAS RN 7440-23-5)
• Federal Fiscal Year:
  2013
• NORA Priority Area:
  Manufacturing
• Performing Organization:
  University of Cincinnati
• Peer Reviewed:
  True
• Start Date:
  20020901
• Source Full Name:
  Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
• End Date:
  20130731
• Collection(s):
  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
• Main Document Checksum:
  urn:sha-512:ea788c482d0205f3dc72142ee6ccdd8642c8c72de795a440cbfbba211348f99ce1aaaf8dd903b17047884b406cc1b99eb2674f115687d6d7a0258ba1101ca77c
• Download URL:
  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/195466/cdc_195466_DS1.pdf
• File Type:
  [PDF - 490.61 KB ]