Details:

Alternative Title:
Am J Clin Nutr
Personal Author:
Zhou, Ying ; Wang, Arick ; Yeung, Lorraine F. ; Qi, Yan Ping ; Pfeiffer, Christine M. ; ... More +
Zhou, Ying ; Wang, Arick ; Yeung, Lorraine F. ; Qi, Yan Ping ; Pfeiffer, Christine M. ; Crider, Krista S. Less -
Description:
Background:

Folate and vitamin B12 are important biomarkers of nutritional status of populations.

Objectives:

This study aims to estimate folate and vitamin B12 usual intakes among United States adults and examine folate and vitamin B12 biomarker status by intake source.

Methods:

We analyzed data for United States adults aged ≥19 y from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2018 (n = 31,128), during which time voluntary corn masa flour (CMF) fortification was started. Usual intake was estimated using the National Cancer Institute method. Folate intake included folate from natural foods and folic acid from 4 sources: enriched cereal grain products (ECGPs), CMF, ready-to-eat cereals (RTEs), and folic acid–containing supplements (SUP). Vitamin B12 intake was mainly from food and supplements.

Results:

The median natural food folate intake (222 μg dietary folate equivalents (DFE)/d) was below the estimated average requirement (EAR) of 320 μg DFE/d. The proportions of those who consumed folic acid from ECGP/CMF only, ECGP/CMF + RTE, ECGP/CMF + SUP, and ECGP/CMF + RTE + SUP were 50%, 18%, 22%, and 10%, respectively. Median usual folic acid intakes (μg/d) were 236 (IQR: 152, 439) overall and 134, 313, 496, and 695 in the ECGP/CMF only, ECGP/CMF + RTE, ECGP/CMF + SUP, and ECGP/CMF + RTE + SUP folic acid consumption groups, respectively. Overall, 2.0% (95% CI: 1.7%, 2.3%) of adults, all of whom used folic acid supplements, consumed greater than the tolerable upper intake level (UL) of 1000 μg/d folic acid. The median usual vitamin B12 intake (μg/d) was 5.2 for vitamin B12 supplement nonusers and 21.8 for users. Consumption of RTE and/or supplements with folic acid was associated with higher serum and red blood cell folate concentrations. Vitamin B12 supplement users had significantly higher serum vitamin B12 concentrations.

Conclusions:

Folic acid fortification plays a critical role in helping United States adults meet the folate EAR. At current fortification levels, United States adults who do not consume supplements do not have the usual folic acid intake exceeding the UL.


Subjects:
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Adult Biomarkers Dietary Supplements Edible Grain Folic Acid Food, Fortified Humans Nutritional Status Nutrition Surveys United States Vitamin B 12
Keywords:
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Dietary Supplements Folate Folic Acid NHANES Vitamin B12
Source:
Am J Clin Nutr. 118(1):241-254
Pubmed ID:
37172826
Pubmed Central ID:
PMC10926004
Document Type:
Journal Article
Funding:
CC999999/ImCDC/Intramural CDC HHSUnited States/
Collection(s):
CDC Public Access
Main Document Checksum:
[+]
urn:sha256:fdb8a1f0e64340e57ea27ff0a77efa1f2b064f597f8ce901466c0fdba23bc9c4
File Type:

• Supporting Files:
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