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Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) and Enhanced GISP (eGISP)
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January 2020
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[PDF-1.50 MB]
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Description:Gonorrhea is the second most commonly reported notifiable disease in the United States with over 580,000 cases reported in 2018. The treatment and control of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections have been complicated by the organism’s ability to acquire antimicrobial resistance. The Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP), established in 1986, has functioned as the national surveillance system of antibiotic resistant gonorrhea in the United Sates. It was established not only to monitor susceptibility trends in N. gonorrhoeae strains, but also to function as a rational basis for the selection of gonococcal therapies. GISP data of susceptibility trends from male gonococcal urethral isolates, have provided critical data for the CDC's STD Treatment Guidelines, directly informing gonorrhea treatment recommendations in 1989, 1993, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2012, and 2015.
In 2013, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, the first report to look at the burden and threats posed by antibiotic resistance on human health, which named antibiotic-resistant gonorrhea among the three most urgent threats of its kind in the country. In 2014, the White House developed the National Strategy to Combat Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (CARB), calling for the prevention, detection, and control of antibiotic resistance. Using CARB funds, the Antimicrobial Regional Laboratory Network (ARLN), a network of seven regional public health laboratories that provides cutting-edge antimicrobial resistance laboratory support, was established in 2016.
The CDC Division of STD Prevention (DSTDP) supports activities that aim to slow the development of antibiotic-resistant gonorrhea and prevent its spread. To build robust capacity for culture-based antimicrobial susceptibility testing and genomic sequencing of N. gonorrhoeae isolates, four laboratories in the ARLN were funded for N. gonorrhoeae activities. Starting in 2017, these four laboratories began functioning as the regional laboratories for GISP.
In 2017, GISP was also expanded in a subset of clinical sites to conduct N. gonorrhoeae surveillance in non- urethral isolates (i.e., pharyngeal, rectal, and endocervical isolates) and to evaluate the burden of urethritis/cervicitis associated with N. meningitidis through surveillance of urethral and non-urethral isolates. The Enhanced Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Program (eGISP), the expanded project, was established to help understand if the pharynx and/or rectum may be anatomic niches that select for or foster resistance and to evaluate if gonococcal susceptibility patterns may vary between men and women.
Additionally, Neisseria species, including the two pathogens N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis, have similar morphology on culture and Gram stain, requiring species-specific confirmatory tests to distinguish the Neisseria species. Urethritis associated with N. meningitidis has recently been identified with increasing frequency in at least two GISP sites. Given that N. meningitidis urethritis/cervicitis is not a reportable disease in the United States, and that labs do not routinely test genitourinary specimens for N. meningitidis, additional data on the epidemiology and biology of N. meningitidis urethritis/cervicitis are needed.
GISP continues to be the core gonococcal surveillance system in the United States. By expanding GISP, eGISP may improve the ability to detect changes in susceptibility patterns, detect resistant infections sooner and inform efforts to maximize specificity of surveillance. This is the combined protocol for both projects and supersedes all previous protocols for each of the individual projects.
GISP_eGISP_Protocol_August_2019.pdf
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