U.S. flag An official website of the United States government.
Official websites use .gov

A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS

A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

CDC Stacks Public Health Publications

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducts research and makes recommendations for preventing work-related injuries, illnesses, and deaths. For more information, visit https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/index.html.

(61)
(489)
(1098)
(1281)
(1653)
(1924)
(2674)
(2174)
(2170)
(2199)
(2025)
(2294)
(2195)
(2187)
(1953)
(1953)
(1863)
(1812)
(1891)
(1851)
(2014)
(1833)
(1770)
(1792)
(1618)
(1440)
(1339)
(1049)
(1126)
(1101)
(945)
(1158)
(1313)
(1239)
(1325)
(1190)
(1403)
(1035)
(1171)
(1174)
(1210)
(1053)
(1184)
(1312)
(1467)
(1471)
(1458)
(1275)
(1229)
(1333)
(1434)
(1233)
(1062)
(1077)
(826)
(603)
(527)
(112)
(50)
(32)
(40)
(31)
(34)
(23)
(13)
(6)
(7)
(6)
(5)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(5)
(36)
0 of 90
(1)
(590)
(12)
(2)
(133)
(1)
(72)
(2)
(14)
(1)
(182)
(57)
(5)
(49)
(36)
(4)
(7)
(1092)
(18)
(463)
(5)
(80184)
(1)
(4)
0 of 24
(2)
(5)
(936)
(766)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(901)
(258)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(126)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(9)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(87)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(66)
(8)
(6)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6205)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(7)
(2)
(242)
(1)
(28)
(5)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3741)
(5)
(2)
(1)
(10)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(991)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(77)
(3)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(98)
(1)
(1)
(39)
(1)
(55)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2765)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(5)
(2)
(1997)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2891)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(38)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(166)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(405)
(1)
(2362)
(1086)
(4)
(1819)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(239)
(1)
(7)
(40)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1583)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(4)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(764)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(300)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5057)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(4195)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2693)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2162)
(1)
(255)
(1)
(1)
(1160)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(390)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(654)
(1)
(608)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(233)
(1222)
(2)
(599)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(1)
(4911)
(17)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(92)
(7)
(103)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(6)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2830)
(1)
(135)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(16252)
(1)
(523)
(2)
(1)
(1507)
(3)
(2)
(5563)
(5883)
(26812)
(10210)
(23660)
(4371)
(3613)
(1)
(5685)
(7504)
(7289)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(9836)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(13)
(2)
(330)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(8)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(7)
(101)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(167)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(5)
(165)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(495)
(190)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(643)
(1)
(2647)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(18)
(1)
(1)
(989)
(1)
(1)
(1426)
(1)
(2)
(215)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1899)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(5227)
(14)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(11783)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1412)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(81)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(308)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
0 of 747
(47)
(29)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(790)
(5)
(282)
(3551)
(810)
(2061)
(6)
(1)
(3850)
(587)
(1)
(17271)
(11)
(1)
(22)
(1)
(1)
(132)
(152)
(4777)
(31)
(3)
(4)
(3)
(16)
(4)
(1)
(3)
(24)
(16)
(16)
(50)
(559)
(4)
0 of 42
(1)
(1)
(1)
(48)
(57)
(125)
(24)
(24)
(8)
(86)
(153)
(75)
(19)
(11)
(1)
(663)
(1)
(44)
(19)
(29)
(1)
(86)
(44)
(29)
(2539)
(1)
(6)
(21)
(1179)
(15)
(122)
(14)
(31)
(1)
(633)
(4)
(10)
(3)
(20)
(2811)
(38)
(174)
(7)
(8)
(4)
(2575)
(81)
(5)
(4)
(154)
(2179)
(239)
(4)
(108)
(32)
(198)
(182)
(1)
(1)
(221)
(221)
(8)
(61)
(2)
(1)
(117)
0 of 66
(68)
(6)
(1262)
(9)
(5)
(5412)
(6234)
(4)
(9052)
(7)
(19)
(15)
(44)
(32)
(38)
(27)
(74)
(216)
(4)
(160)
(75)
(6)
(27)
(6)
(109)
(5)
(742)
(26)
(12)
(6)
(2142)
(52)
(1952)
(1987)
(12)
(4553)
(9)
(62)
(328)
(7)
(747)
(7)
(5250)
(1305)
(2564)
(7)
(52)
(10)
(21)
(246)
(169)
(36)
(10)
(34)
(276)
(23)
(402)
(34)
(24)
(164)
(66)
(52)
(6)
(16)
(55)
(157)
(11)
(39)
(170)
(3236)
(60)
(4)
(17)
(81)
(5)
(225)
(157)
(41)
(88)
(5)
(238)
(4)
(4)
(265)
(15)
(993)
(5)
(1267)
(1277)
(39)
(113)
(4)
(4)
(256)
(12)
(2026)
(53)
(25)
(7)
(6)
(4)
(4)
(227)
(202)
(1875)
(6)
(208)
(4)
(14)
(26)
(4)
(6)
(233)
(116)
(23)
(547)
(362)
(371)
(6)
(153)
(116)
(19)
(1256)
(1300)
(246)
(10)
(20)
(1740)
(216)
(143)
(94)
(69)
(356)
(11)
(5)
(4)
(20)
(23)
(63)
(6)
(6)
(4)
(61)
(4)
(219)
(64)
(190)
(41)
(190)
(4)
(35)
(12)
(74)
(4)
(32)
(11)
(127)
(9)
(248)
(5)
(5)
(2131)
(1570)
(4)
(1924)
(7)
(555)
(66)
(29)
(70)
(52)
(418)
(4)
(28)
(96)
(5)
(4)
(37)
(7)
(73)
(2815)
(498)
(25)
(12)
(29)
(115)
(253)
(7)
(6)
(10)
(64)
(27)
(339)
(21)
(282)
(151)
(261)
(4)
(320)
(5)
(109)
(62)
(3901)
(3531)
(49)
(25)
(4)
(39)
(800)
(90)
(4)
(53)
(210)
(12)
(167)
(1843)
(144)
(163)
(262)
(4)
(540)
(391)
(4475)
(535)
(5)
(45)
(214)
(26)
(78)
(9)
(109)
(51)
(70)
(32)
(160)
(4)
(22)
(13)
(4)
(31)
(4)
(479)
(25)
(4)
(52)
(7)
(69)
(8)
(195)
(521)
(172)
(172)
(5)
(8)
(4)
(10)
(321)
(18)
(6)
(587)
(2002)
(19)
(165)
(5)
(673)
(44)
(33)
(34)
(73)
(683)
(4)
(303)
(362)
(311)
(85)
(4)
(327)
(39)
(7)
(8)
(33)
(4)
(50)
(251)
(4)
(186)
(4)
(5)
(34)
(34)
(56)
(12)
(8)
(10)
(173)
(7017)
(25)
(640)
(8)
(20)
(8)
(25)
(336)
(2520)
(5)
(44)
(404)
(731)
(1104)
(8)
(26)
(60)
(206)
(4)
(87)
(46)
(16)
(887)
(5)
(2357)
(5)
(370)
(6)
(49)
(396)
(52)
(312)
(1071)
(23)
(1992)
(480)
(4869)
(5)
(1378)
(7)
(7027)
(16)
(1647)
(5)
(7)
(530)
(9)
(8)
(5487)
(5)
(30)
(117)
(9)
(6)
(14)
(26)
(2422)
(47)
(64)
(13)
(37)
(4)
(72)
(5)
(13)
(5)
(8)
(24)
(85)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(861)
(186)
(6)
(7)
(473)
(111)
(254)
(18)
(772)
(2419)
(4)
(8)
(693)
(21)
(24)
(13)
(7)
(370)
(39)
(67)
(349)
(284)
(4)
(15)
(2020)
(1450)
(123)
(34)
(22)
(56)
(4)
(7)
(42)
(20)
(27)
(8)
(4)
(4)
(402)
(103)
(49)
(455)
(588)
(10)
(626)
(349)
(4)
(166)
(11)
(6)
(304)
(29)
(665)
(122)
(21)
(15)
(9)
(5)
(4)
(4)
(1216)
(43)
(653)
(212)
(5)
(57)
(139)
(75)
(65)
(18)
(116)
(6)
(16)
(4)
(4)
(6891)
(56)
(54)
(10)
(332)
(2465)
(16)
(14)
(10)
(3456)
(16)
(14)
(1501)
(5)
(5)
(7)
(11)
(8)
(171)
(945)
(1219)
(1252)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(48)
(574)
(5)
(6)
(519)
(897)
(32)
(22)
(5)
(4)
(202)
(38)
(12)
(42)
(96)
(7)
(58)
(61)
(83)
(9)
(154)
(11)
(7)
(244)
(953)
(58)
(17)
(31)
(343)
(507)
(6)
(1191)
(12)
(23)
(10)
(6)
(15)
(45)
(5)
(1613)
(4)
(7)
(32)
(1474)
(4)
(4)
(17)
(20)
(4)
(21)
(5)
(14)
(56)
(20)
(4)
(34)
(20)
(8)
(9)
(123)
(38)
(531)
(9)
(5)
(59)
(1164)
(77)
(5)
(1529)
(5)
(4)
(75)
(77)
(7)
(1403)
(418)
(6)
(134)
(5484)
(49)
(7)
(687)
(1145)
(370)
(6)
(196)
(5)
(233)
(345)
(365)
(9)
(75)
(8)
(5)
(49)
(5414)
(3941)
(4)
(8)
(9)
(60)
(4)
(4)
(131)
(8)
(21)
(124)
(4)
(363)
(10)
(242)
(4726)
(18)
(26)
(102)
(11)
(160)
(18)
(31)
(28)
(41)
(2680)
(32)
(379)
(2864)
(208)
(4)
(2739)
(842)
(1058)
(8)
(31)
(62)
(10)
(431)
(23)
(12)
(20)
(6)
(39)
(6)
(4)
(26)
(12)
(1110)
(4)
(9)
(7)
(29)
(791)
(19)
(8)
(10040)
(4)
(111)
(11)
(4)
(4)
(911)
(8)
(3895)
(6)
(9)
(79)
(7)
(4)
(3245)
(5)
(3340)
(351)
(66)
(50)
(28)
(21)
(9)
(15)
(38)
(44)
(5)
(16)
(11)
(7)
(205)
(3259)
(16)
(3286)
(861)
(127)
(211)
(84)
(174)
(66)
(55)
(41)
(74)
(171)
(40)
(111)
(5)
(40)
(24)
(2258)
(1590)
(5)
(7)
(6)
(12)
(172)
(27)
(5)
(197)
(122)
(51)
(8)
(4)
(6)
(1263)
(7)
(22)
(9714)
(41)
(38)
(28)
(80123)
(20)
(1144)
(8)
(5)
(4)
(8)
(14)
(6)
(6)
(307)
(38)
(5)
(313)
(4)
(4)
(127)
(8)
(131)
(124)
(628)
(95)
(7)
(82)
(11)
(6)
(4999)
(385)
(4)
(7)
(29)
(41)
(6488)
(5)
(10)
(218)
(36)
(5)
(102)
(156)
(4)
(15)
(89)
(52)
(31)
(93)
(6)
(4)
(8)
(6)
(456)
(29)
(76)
(11)
(4)
(5)
(7)
(12)
(738)
(9)
(178)
(518)
(202)
(10)
(4)
(40)
(56)
(21)
(49)
(8)
(8)
(4)
(14)
(31)
(28)
(50)
(1379)
(581)
(11)
(11)
(4)
(716)
(229)
(61)
(15)
(4)
(9)
(4)
(37)
(12)
(1366)
(34)
(1665)
(4)
(15)
(6)
(14)
(4)
(5)
(35)
(18)
(33)
(5)
(361)
(420)
(15)
(1371)
(1340)
(132)
(272)
(165)
(164)
(13)
(11)
(447)
(11)
(187)
(43)
(78)
(17)
(7)
(6)
(108)
(20)
(18)
(5)
(21)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(46)
(5)
(6)
(4)
(793)
(384)
(2160)
(7889)
(7249)
(8)
(8)
(5)
(7985)
(6327)
(7)
(6)
(191)
(6)
(79841)
(4846)
(12)
(9)
(7)
(56)
(4)
(5)
(4)
(79)
(1504)
(152)
(846)
(56)
(1160)
(6)
(538)
(220)
(8)
(4)
(83)
(1711)
(115)
(61)
(2399)
(390)
(860)
(7)
(748)
(623)
(296)
(381)
(6)
(990)
(16)
(13)
(27)
(1154)
(2144)
(34)
(9)
(183)
(89)
(18)
(11)
(5459)
(15)
(5)
(4)
(4)
(29)
(11)
(4)
(1629)
(125)
(4)
(166)
(4)
(180)
(146)
(51)
(63)
(166)
(52)
(35)
(4)
(106)
(3241)
(5)
(8)
(32)
(7)
(14)
(840)
(205)
(37)
(406)
(10)
(8)
(15)
(19)
(23)
(100)
(4)
(760)
(262)
(10)
(1848)
(32)
(4)
(5)
(783)
(7)
(62)
(44)
(110)
(4)
(30)
(133)
(32)
(16)
(4)
(138)
(9)
(16)
(680)
(906)
(1339)
(22)
(12)
(4)
(4)
(25)
(50)
(8)
(934)
(3138)
(4)
(115)
(722)
(54)
(454)
(6)
(596)
(7)
(7)
(31)
(66)
(6)
(306)
(62)
(23)
(31)
(359)
(5)
(124)
(4)
(4)
(709)
(4)
(98)
(3093)
(313)
(8)
(17)
(19)
(4)
(5)
(259)
(9203)
(19)
(11)
(4)
(47)
(121)
(13)
(4)
(7)
(88)
(15)
(7)
0 of 1000
(76)
(64)
(38)
(49)
(38)
(51)
(50)
(113)
(79)
(93)
(61)
(38)
(46)
(36)
(51)
(107)
(246)
(56)
(60)
(82)
(277)
(86)
(106)
(43)
(57)
(135)
(48)
(126)
(37)
(44)
(73)
(42)
(44)
(72)
(38)
(98)
(39)
(226)
(42)
(38)
(69)
(71)
(64)
(122)
(54)
(77)
(62)
(37)
(151)
(142)
(52)
(51)
(43)
(63)
(68)
(36)
(49)
(70)
(50)
(52)
(45)
(61)
(173)
(63)
(39)
(59)
(38)
(88)
(41)
(39)
(69)
(60)
(50)
(45)
(54)
(55)
(38)
(105)
(123)
(43)
(59)
(69)
(53)
(80)
(69)
(53)
(42)
(80)
(58)
(147)
(43)
(45)
(99)
(37)
(46)
(47)
(88)
(92)
(37)
(45)
(85)
(78)
(37)
(37)
(55)
(38)
(66)
(44)
(55)
(84)
(45)
(59)
(82)
(159)
(62)
(42)
(129)
(84)
(40)
(93)
(61)
(108)
(70)
(47)
(76)
(60)
(177)
(36)
(44)
(38)
(40)
(99)
(43)
(60)
(73)
(68)
(926)
(88)
(48)
(39)
(45)
(189)
(47)
(36)
(61)
(36)
(60)
(129)
(101)
(71)
(72)
(39)
(147)
(39)
(88)
(37)
(75)
(41)
(43)
(108)
(37)
(39)
(47)
(249)
(59)
(77)
(124)
(36)
(41)
(93)
(44)
(41)
(41)
(57)
(140)
(66)
(45)
(134)
(59)
(55)
(49)
(58)
(64)
(38)
(48)
(37)
(47)
(56)
(144)
(46)
(72)
(38)
(38)
(55)
(72)
(139)
(37)
(103)
(82)
(49)
(117)
(43)
(87)
(84)
(38)
(36)
(52)
(82)
(42)
(42)
(51)
(41)
(47)
(44)
(58)
(41)
(79)
(47)
(52)
(53)
(66)
(170)
(48)
(39)
(157)
(82)
(49)
(37)
(46)
(61)
(98)
(59)
(126)
(41)
(80)
(71)
(224)
(100)
(51)
(122)
(41)
(39)
(53)
(42)
(47)
(37)
(40)
(73)
(84)
(140)
(44)
(56)
(57)
(171)
(38)
(45)
(42)
(167)
(40)
(48)
(36)
(76)
(119)
(71)
(39)
(86)
(58)
(41)
(39)
(55)
(69)
(55)
(56)
(213)
(155)
(40)
(59)
(75)
(84)
(41)
(52)
(88)
(83)
(38)
(43)
(87)
(85)
(56)
(54)
(65)
(47)
(56)
(62)
(81)
(208)
(49)
(73)
(61)
(47)
(36)
(183)
(38)
(45)
(45)
(105)
(43)
(82)
(93)
(44)
(85)
(40)
(46)
(62)
(53)
(48)
(44)
(97)
(39)
(65)
(56)
(49)
(69)
(43)
(147)
(44)
(42)
(46)
(54)
(45)
(125)
(39)
(60)
(74)
(199)
(85)
(250)
(81)
(87)
(37)
(256)
(97)
(78)
(65)
(175)
(92)
(37)
(78)
(55)
(84)
(44)
(62)
(60)
(112)
(37)
(36)
(134)
(63)
(44)
(77)
(252)
(38)
(66)
(40)
(89)
(36)
(117)
(56)
(37)
(108)
(78)
(156)
(68)
(39)
(196)
(43)
(86)
(59)
(46)
(62)
(54)
(38)
(76)
(49)
(61)
(44)
(88)
(49)
(51)
(51)
(43)
(97)
(49)
(42)
(93)
(121)
(109)
(46)
(165)
(47)
(72)
(63)
(92)
(48)
(83)
(125)
(44)
(43)
(102)
(45)
(44)
(56)
(38)
(63)
(94)
(44)
(75)
(78)
(36)
(95)
(51)
(38)
(82)
(209)
(65)
(59)
(77)
(37)
(108)
(240)
(51)
(44)
(104)
(67)
(55)
(48)
(46)
(45)
(53)
(47)
(39)
(82)
(49)
(47)
(49)
(54)
(38)
(59)
(63)
(71)
(41)
(70)
(92)
(159)
(45)
(56)
(71)
(67)
(61)
(78)
(54)
(59)
(51)
(36)
(36)
(106)
(37)
(63)
(250)
(80)
(39)
(40)
(49)
(40)
(42)
(98)
(40)
(106)
(46)
(91)
(131)
(39)
(91)
(55)
(73)
(51)
(44)
(69)
(37)
(82)
(44)
(93)
(155)
(40)
(75)
(42)
(55)
(54)
(39)
(61)
(43)
(62)
(59)
(60)
(84)
(177)
(45)
(120)
(45)
(235)
(60)
(67)
(94)
(38)
(79)
(71)
(87)
(63)
(70)
(96)
(71)
(68)
(56)
(44)
(122)
(101)
(44)
(55)
(68)
(49)
(75)
(47)
(44)
(106)
(56)
(57)
(46)
(160)
(45)
(76)
(44)
(40)
(59)
(46)
(68)
(37)
(52)
(55)
(44)
(37)
(40)
(58)
(64)
(42)
(49)
(116)
(63)
(127)
(48)
(54)
(88)
(79)
(45)
(76)
(103)
(59)
(54)
(37)
(80)
(84)
(45)
(70)
(63)
(46)
(58)
(40)
(108)
(53)
(102)
(78)
(55)
(177)
(40)
(38)
(114)
(108)
(70)
(61)
(40)
(49)
(155)
(96)
(95)
(37)
(90)
(47)
(37)
(61)
(97)
(38)
(65)
(67)
(84)
(51)
(48)
(201)
(48)
(44)
(68)
(81)
(54)
(37)
(45)
(37)
(52)
(187)
(44)
(41)
(104)
(41)
(51)
(85)
(58)
(40)
(44)
(41)
(59)
(171)
(42)
(37)
(68)
(86)
(43)
(46)
(52)
(40)
(54)
(43)
(50)
(38)
(38)
(91)
(43)
(43)
(49)
(122)
(53)
(39)
(47)
(56)
(152)
(44)
(74)
(262)
(47)
(49)
(57)
(56)
(217)
(144)
(45)
(130)
(164)
(42)
(45)
(98)
(68)
(39)
(48)
(65)
(41)
(38)
(72)
(134)
(63)
(37)
(58)
(65)
(51)
(45)
(155)
(49)
(69)
(122)
(53)
(79)
(148)
(41)
(52)
(51)
(49)
(39)
(105)
(37)
(37)
(41)
(93)
(46)
(162)
(40)
(43)
(166)
(60)
(152)
(58)
(119)
(38)
(40)
(101)
(58)
(48)
(49)
(41)
(111)
(61)
(71)
(44)
(46)
(43)
(42)
(41)
(151)
(58)
(42)
(42)
(64)
(84)
(53)
(110)
(53)
(43)
(78)
(103)
(43)
(109)
(59)
(132)
(67)
(54)
(53)
(96)
(46)
(119)
(78)
(68)
(47)
(222)
(39)
(57)
(40)
(59)
(172)
(52)
(67)
(92)
(57)
(272)
(43)
(43)
(38)
(99)
(37)
(40)
(90)
(82)
(85)
(43)
(92)
(39)
(168)
(68)
(99)
(51)
(68)
(65)
(49)
(78)
(125)
(124)
(37)
(71)
(52)
(39)
(40)
(71)
(68)
(45)
(89)
(155)
(48)
(288)
(70)
(40)
(53)
(53)
(50)
(189)
(57)
(53)
(114)
(40)
(42)
(37)
(46)
(43)
(67)
(44)
(95)
(227)
(42)
(79)
(39)
(227)
(71)
(161)
(42)
(82)
(49)
(87)
(55)
(95)
(62)
(102)
(113)
(50)
(78)
(39)
(43)
(65)
(44)
(45)
(122)
(51)
(108)
(54)
(55)
(46)
(40)
(40)
(55)
(51)
(79)
(90)
(58)
(52)
(52)
(37)
(50)
(95)
(95)
(59)
(220)
(226)
(38)
(52)
(170)
(37)
(62)
(70)
(43)
(37)
(92)
(156)
(55)
(46)
(49)
(56)
(52)
(89)
(62)
(42)
(60)
(58)
(96)
(53)
(43)
(55)
(59)
(86)
(92)
(40)
(40)
(75)
(104)
(234)
(99)
(55)
(61)
(101)
(71)
(55)
(54)
(69)
(103)
(107)
(39)
(37)
(121)
(61)
(85)
(69)
(39)
(58)
(61)
(289)
(42)
(59)
(42)
(72)
(194)
(115)
(86)
(105)
(112)
(37)
(59)
(70)
(81)
(46)
(55)
(88)
(189)
(41)
(41)
(118)
(59)
(51)
(63)
(50)
(71)
(43)
(48)
(137)
(84)
(50)
(48)
(85)
(38)
(103)
(68)
(68)
(51)
(134)
(37)
(128)
(59)
(40)
(108)
(75)
(48)
(60)
(45)
(73)
(47)
(106)
(63)
(46)
(59)
(45)
(45)
(180)
(85)
(82)
(38)
(58)
(47)
(40)
(76)
(54)
(61)
(80)
(45)
(42)
(50)
(71)
(99)
(87)
(97)
(119)
(64)
(54)
(49)
(39)
(64)
(43)
(98)
(99)
(51)
(40)
(53)
(45)
(46)
(59)
(50)
(137)
(80)
(38)
(43)
(82)
(71)
(54)
0 of 1000
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(11)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(64)
(1)
(65)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(5)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(69)
(85)
(2)
(125)
(117)
(270)
(1)
(1)
(55)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(21)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(67)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(9)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(49)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(3)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(57)
(48)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(15)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(605)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(12)
(77)
(52)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(2)
(8)
(35)
(9)
(2)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(5)
(105)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(31)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(31)
(12)
(2)
(2)
(7)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(19)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(20)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(14)
(14)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(220)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(3)
(23)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(134)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(230)
(1)
(1)
(11)
(1)
(2)
(13)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(29)
(2)
(21)
(21)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(246)
(52)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(217)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(5)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(228)
(49)
(53)
(1)
(210)
(1)
(187)
(2)
(184)
(47)
(47)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(35)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(15)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(53)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(14)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(8887)
(2)
(1)
(4)
(18)
(1)
(1)
(47)
(8)
(8)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(35)
(3)
(1)
(234)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(22)
(23)
(3)
(9)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(315)
(2)
(739)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(3)
(19)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(110)
(1)
(2)
(36)
(2)
(1)
(4)
(6)
(1)
(4)
(124)
(13)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(17)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(33)
(59)
(18)
(77)
(29)
(1)
(9)
(1)
(1)
(24)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(16)
(24)
(1)
(1)
(186)
(211)
(30)
(30)
(32)
(65)
(1)
(62)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(10)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(10)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(27)
(3)
(3)
(11)
(52)
(52)
(52)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(150)
(41)
(38)
(8)
(8)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(25)
(1)
(1)
(25)
(1)
(3)
(13)
(15)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(48)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1125)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(9)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(40)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(12)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(20)
(1)
(1)
(10)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(38)
(94)
(1)
(283)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(84)
(7)
(1)
(19)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(14)
(7)
(1)
(2)
(715)
(127)
(49)
(47)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(34)
(34)
(1)
(34)
(12)
(106)
(1)
(106)
(2)
(14)
(2)
(2)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(45)
(45)
(1)
(1)
0 of 742
(1)
(205)
(21)
(1)
(114)
(129)
(679)
(92)
(186)
(66)
(1)
(185)
(1)
(8)
(168)
(2484)
(1015)
(12)
(1)
(62)
(77)
(5)
(256)
(820)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(123)
(1)
(1523)
(667)
(2372)
(260)
(1)
(8015)
(465)
(1)
(3176)
(6)
(206)
(355)
(33)
(1668)
(237)
(169)
(3)
(21)
(81)
(5277)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(51)
(116)
(4)
(27)
(96)
(2)
(1040)
(5)
(27)
(13)
(1)
(727)
(5)
(4)
(845)
(3)
(29)
(1730)
(2)
(11)
(64)
(2052)
(7)
(5)
(688)
(10)
(1)
(1)
(237)
(46)
(13)
(139)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1176)
(6)
(2)
(1)
(5)
(3956)
(1932)
(64)
(428)
(754)
(269)
(15)
(413)
(7)
(301)
(602)
(530)
(2)
(1125)
(12)
(384)
(8)
(49)
(1246)
(1)
(199)
(37)
(91)
(1)
0 of 117
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(4)
(590)
(2)
(5)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(6)
(1)
(4)
(8)
(4)
(35)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(109)
(4)
(910)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(19)
(4)
(6)
(3)
(422)
(7)
(7)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(77)
(2)
(2)
(68)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(185)
(4)
(2)
(19)
(2)
(2)
(4)
(2)
(36)
(2)
(28)
(2)
(4)
(229)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(29)
(2)
(20)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(39)
(1)
(28)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(57)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(862)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(4)
(7)
(7)
(1)
(2)
(13)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(9)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(8)
(7)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(6)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(6)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(4)
(13)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(6)
(9)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(12)
(2)
(7)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(175)
(32)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(13)
(1)
(3)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(4)
(22)
(3)
(7)
(2)
(1)
(7)
(9)
(41)
(9)
(6)
(12)
(6)
(19)
(2)
(4)
(5)
(8)
(1)
(4)
(33)
(5)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(25)
(12)
(3)
(8)
(3)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(2)
(15)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(4)
(10)
(2)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(9)
(1)
(6)
(7)
(18)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(6)
(8)
(5)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(19)
(3)
(3)
(7)
(6)
(3)
(4)
(7)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(4)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(15)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(4)
(4)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(32)
(2)
(5)
(3)
(3)
(27)
(20)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(5)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(4)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(64)
(1)
(44)
(34)
(7)
(14)
(1)
(3)
(11)
(30)
(8)
(7)
(3)
(5)
(1)
(39)
(1)
(33)
(1)
(110)
(4)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(12)
(3)
(32)
(1)
(1)
(10)
(1)
(9)
(1)
(16)
(41)
(1)
(14)
(1)
(2)
(39)
(1)
(5)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(8)
(22)
(84)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(17)
(26)
(3)
(7)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(6)
(5)
(4)
(1)
(17)
(10)
(15)
(5)
(4)
(12)
(3)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(4)
(2)
(5)
(5)
(11)
(6)
(49)
(10)
(21)
(5)
(1)
(55)
(8)
(3)
(6)
(9)
(33)
(2)
(19)
(8)
(2)
(1)
(24)
(26)
(36)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(11)
(12)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(2)
(5)
(3)
(2)
(8)
(4)
(13)
(7)
(2)
(3)
(6)
(2)
(8)
(3)
(29)
(15)
(6)
(2)
(4)
(5)
(3)
(10)
(7)
(12)
(10)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(9)
(2)
(5)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(3)
(4)
(11)
(3)
(10)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(5)
(3)
(2)
(6)
(3)
(4)
(8)
(5)
(13)
(2)
(2)
(6)
(8)
(6)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(7)
(8)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(64)
(11)
(4)
(2)
(15)
(23)
(2)
(10)
(4)
(4)
(24)
(7)
(70)
(2)
(16)
(11)
(17)
(47)
(36)
(9)
(5)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(8)
(19)
(14)
(2)
(9)
(3)
(7)
(2)
(4)
(10)
(4)
(8)
(7)
(7)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(4)
(6)
(40)
(4)
(3)
(6)
(4)
(13)
(11)
(5)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(2)
(17)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(44)
(11)
(5)
(16)
(37)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(7)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(8)
(16)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(6)
(3)
(14)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(5)
(60)
(2)
(10)
(5)
(4)
(3)
(6)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(4)
(9)
(4)
(9)
(7)
(2)
(10)
(3)
(6)
(2)
(6)
(16)
(2)
(4)
(16)
(2)
(10)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(14)
(23)
(55)
(6)
(2)
(5)
(153)
(3)
(3)
(12)
(24)
(9)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(61)
(47)
(6)
(9)
(7)
(2)
(9)
(5)
(9)
(2)
(4)
(7)
(4)
(6)
(2)
(2)
(8)
(3)
(15)
(7)
(3)
(48)
(23)
(30)
(5)
(8)
(54)
(2)
(3)
(17)
(3)
(9)
(27)
(6)
(12)
(9)
(2)
(3)
(9)
(7)
(2)
(29)
(9)
(40)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(20)
(1)
(8)
(2)
(11)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(14)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(20)
(7)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(11)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(6)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(7)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(10)
(2)
(6)
(2)
(4)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(4)
(2)
(12)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(19)
(3)
(4)
(6)
(14)
(5)
(10)
(3)
(5)
(4)
(30)
(2)
(5)
(3)
(2)
(6)
(6)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(2)
(4)
(3)
(4)
(30)
(2)
(5)
(23)
(16)
(4)
(2)
(5)
(3)
(8)
(2)
(5)
(2)
(4)
(19)
(3)
0 of 1000
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(12)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(6)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(11)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(11)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(10)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(4)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(5)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(4)
(3)
(4)
(3)
(3)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(3104)
0 of 1000
(2678)
(2)
(24)
(30)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(2511)
(1)
(1)
(118)
(16)
(4)
(28)
(5)
(56)
(142)
(372)
(76)
(261)
(89)
(98)
(557)
(236)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(1)
(7)
(514)
(1289)
(10)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(8)
(4)
(2986)
(2181)
(7)
(1)
(13)
(7)
(8)
(176)
(204)
(3)
(2)
(4)
(181)
(1)
(587)
(1)
(2)
(43)
(935)
(18)
(2)
(765)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(69)
(43)
(138)
(14)
(659)
(542)
(26)
(143)
(85)
(39)
(48)
(61)
(15)
(44)
(25)
(7)
(1715)
(136)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(1)
(374)
(1)
(497)
(8)
(5)
(18)
(3)
(33)
(3)
(1)
(147)
(5)
(68)
(5)
(193)
(19)
0 of 100
(1)
(4)
(4)
(3)
(17)
(111)
(15)
(21)
(269)
(23)
(13)
(3)
(397)
(429)
(4)
(25)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(11)
(4)
(79)
(36)
(9)
(41)
(3)
(1)
(8)
(4)
(16)
(17)
(5)
(1)
(3)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(73)
(2)
(14)
(2)
(20)
(44)
(21)
(35)
(92)
(22)
(22)
(47)
(18)
(113)
(3)
(18)
(9)
(13)
(4)
(11)
(1)
(10)
(38)
(1)
(3)
(9)
(17)
(10)
(24)
(12)
(9)
(24)
(2)
(10)
0 of 76
(456)
(3)
(14)
(173)
(887)
(392)
(40)
(2812)
(618)
(2)
(239)
(44)
(100)
(121)
(55)
(281)
(7)
(103)
(207)
(19)
(110)
(1)
(96)
(100)
(824)
(160)
(215)
(218)
(229)
(3)
(258)
(41)
(15)
(30)
(4)
(75)
(511)
(44)
(27)
(74)
(113)
(35)
0 of 42
(1)
(634)
(5715)
(1)
(6)
(6)
(301)
(19)
(2)
(2)
(208)
(38)
(1749)
(16)
(2)
(1739)
(78)
(4)
(36)
(138)
(1)
(5)
(3)
(36)
(1)
(890)
(10)
(5926)
(1)
(406)
(1)
(15)
(4)
(10)
(400)
(1)
(2)
(1272)
(8)
(713)
(1)
(8391)
(3410)
(294)
(1761)
(1)
(4)
(1008)
(83)
(1)
(35)
(1)
(190)
(1)
(189)
(2)
(23)
(2)
(5)
(1)
(282)
(281)
(5)
(33775)
(2)
(15)
(299)
(28)
(2)
(5)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(18)
(4)
(6)
(1014)
(6)
(1)
(912)
(87)
(820)
(2)
(407)
(4)
(3)
(133)
(4)
(12)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(60)
(5)
(6759)
(42)
(3)
(5810)
(116)
(1)
(13)
(238)
(1)
(54)
(1)
(3)
(4)
(2)
(16)
(14)
(422)
(289)
(1)
(330)
(293)
(31)
(17)
(174)
(2)
(72)
(1)
0 of 123
(3057)
(917)
(3720)
(342)
(449)
(354)
(835)
(3806)
(139)
(526)
(659)
(228)
(308)
(1503)
(1268)
(1018)
(540)
(635)
(269)
(447)
(1267)
(608)
(311)
(1660)
(505)
(246)
(370)
(730)
(2353)
(138)
(1042)
(144)
(411)
(370)
(376)
(306)
(605)
(532)
(233)
(1336)
(232)
(209)
(639)
(170)
(1004)
(146)
(297)
(187)
(139)
(195)
(160)
(429)
(227)
(252)
(161)
(358)
(324)
(351)
(205)
(368)
(472)
(1187)
(411)
(1077)
(176)
(222)
(247)
(254)
(1386)
(145)
(1895)
(647)
(202)
(150)
(231)
(151)
(242)
(296)
(148)
(381)
(236)
(157)
(156)
(146)
(176)
(522)
(189)
(501)
(166)
(1356)
(211)
(183)
(154)
(309)
(146)
(165)
(151)
(209)
(1008)
(341)
(149)
(502)
(187)
(248)
(144)
(1205)
(158)
(147)
(1273)
(277)
(138)
(159)
(156)
(241)
(140)
(140)
(237)
(195)
(297)
(255)
(612)
(184)
(167)
(1398)
(512)
(217)
(178)
(140)
(171)
(462)
(347)
(1037)
(186)
(456)
(264)
(294)
(422)
(594)
(403)
(177)
(356)
(158)
(484)
(257)
(413)
(534)
(199)
(141)
(143)
(376)
(673)
(198)
(539)
(319)
(385)
(196)
(212)
(694)
(383)
(230)
(259)
(301)
(1264)
(266)
(184)
(248)
(171)
(142)
(164)
(139)
(170)
(179)
(352)
(514)
(1340)
(183)
(150)
(248)
(149)
(459)
(403)
(289)
(740)
(154)
(162)
(207)
(147)
(349)
(234)
(329)
(235)
(241)
(1455)
(556)
(1443)
(294)
(303)
(1645)
(251)
(708)
(141)
(864)
(381)
(1283)
(151)
(157)
(189)
(511)
(430)
(197)
(208)
(341)
(255)
(143)
(248)
(262)
(182)
(145)
(166)
(170)
(1292)
(605)
(182)
(367)
(152)
(159)
(263)
(320)
(245)
(146)
(163)
(407)
(158)
(263)
(759)
(178)
(224)
(151)
(151)
(630)
(297)
(252)
(627)
(412)
(257)
(600)
(231)
(1088)
(461)
(562)
(228)
(162)
(530)
(1122)
(1944)
(172)
(446)
(228)
(212)
(242)
(238)
(266)
(922)
(230)
(207)
(503)
(181)
(193)
(165)
(150)
(790)
(293)
(182)
(147)
(390)
(292)
(283)
(962)
(316)
(395)
(167)
(831)
(539)
(417)
(269)
(252)
(255)
(773)
(206)
(144)
(188)
(170)
(176)
(200)
(4739)
(225)
(887)
(909)
(643)
(539)
(202)
(382)
(311)
(306)
(319)
(2117)
(203)
(292)
(170)
(238)
(220)
(2582)
(3844)
(1020)
(820)
(1345)
(176)
(2013)
(154)
(200)
(206)
(149)
(235)
(258)
(561)
(668)
(1774)
(667)
(1279)
(535)
(325)
(208)
(676)
(495)
(238)
(897)
(373)
(221)
(222)
(204)
(670)
(210)
(251)
(192)
(254)
(145)
(142)
(173)
(169)
(358)
(239)
(192)
(158)
(202)
(407)
(396)
(169)
(531)
(310)
(202)
(738)
(333)
(159)
(383)
(233)
(422)
(165)
(360)
(265)
(400)
(306)
(251)
(188)
(189)
(312)
(230)
(1053)
(773)
(184)
(159)
(195)
(376)
(217)
(1794)
(488)
(491)
(617)
(437)
(1096)
(1298)
(342)
(386)
(256)
(176)
(790)
(502)
(218)
(381)
(668)
(140)
(288)
(972)
(218)
(220)
(566)
(197)
(286)
(294)
(214)
(157)
(172)
(511)
(300)
(206)
(175)
(315)
(154)
(198)
(174)
(279)
(244)
(475)
(160)
(200)
(199)
(164)
(245)
(4694)
(214)
(153)
(156)
(226)
(194)
(227)
(428)
(204)
(576)
(142)
(248)
(442)
(215)
(358)
(473)
(506)
(159)
(188)
(202)
(262)
(171)
(252)
(949)
(215)
(181)
(195)
(307)
(180)
(395)
(444)
(149)
(215)
(314)
(565)
(406)
(348)
(655)
(150)
(7043)
(4694)
(2132)
(297)
(564)
(427)
(169)
(184)
(248)
(282)
(307)
(596)
(169)
(138)
(223)
(2391)
(323)
(1058)
(160)
(815)
(418)
(321)
(157)
(313)
(228)
(246)
(140)
(207)
(158)
(213)
(139)
(167)
(162)
(278)
(254)
(295)
(156)
(753)
(516)
(436)
(780)
(1115)
(255)
(675)
(658)
(161)
(231)
(158)
(445)
(242)
(283)
(213)
(385)
(351)
(267)
(292)
(275)
(144)
(163)
(284)
(148)
(256)
(1140)
(256)
(391)
(180)
(148)
(257)
(310)
(162)
(465)
(539)
(201)
(524)
(170)
(267)
(255)
(147)
(212)
(197)
(256)
(2622)
(230)
(185)
(888)
(147)
(373)
(283)
(270)
(235)
(181)
(165)
(620)
(149)
(140)
(154)
(175)
(174)
(606)
(239)
(165)
(140)
(159)
(542)
(308)
(168)
(166)
(928)
(175)
(178)
(772)
(630)
(2585)
(225)
(996)
(160)
(2420)
(190)
(232)
(166)
(534)
(538)
(419)
(443)
(362)
(153)
(1054)
(1105)
(284)
(340)
(540)
(183)
(487)
(799)
(970)
(281)
(146)
(159)
(245)
(468)
(925)
(1528)
(755)
(272)
(456)
(142)
(317)
(346)
(1279)
(192)
(211)
(192)
(163)
(306)
(291)
(175)
(5912)
(793)
(163)
(1476)
(2180)
(1706)
(706)
(1626)
(154)
(690)
(198)
(237)
(691)
(511)
(348)
(184)
(356)
(205)
(797)
(560)
(155)
(360)
(681)
(665)
(3598)
(1954)
(1795)
(606)
(287)
(234)
(779)
(173)
(202)
(152)
(1285)
(192)
(396)
(464)
(326)
(259)
(139)
(138)
(334)
(207)
(510)
(297)
(172)
(337)
(151)
(647)
(197)
(147)
(432)
(603)
(783)
(1072)
(1668)
(368)
(441)
(468)
(567)
(342)
(153)
(147)
(212)
(180)
(168)
(176)
(165)
(382)
(139)
(330)
(788)
(244)
(139)
(2237)
(206)
(160)
(205)
(332)
(141)
(251)
(167)
(182)
(795)
(1882)
(254)
(936)
(770)
(395)
(258)
(203)
(146)
(141)
(160)
(198)
(403)
(161)
(180)
(451)
(264)
(178)
(284)
(640)
(359)
(217)
(286)
(501)
(206)
(145)
(297)
(595)
(192)
(153)
(288)
(158)
(200)
(235)
(334)
(212)
(151)
(149)
(268)
(888)
(158)
(795)
(489)
(214)
(251)
(205)
(157)
(321)
(889)
(1260)
(197)
(262)
(477)
(689)
(338)
(345)
(222)
(197)
(399)
(372)
(172)
(179)
(193)
(403)
(349)
(283)
(438)
(872)
(597)
(808)
(339)
(820)
(2764)
(189)
(141)
(149)
(456)
(284)
(152)
(886)
(238)
(1381)
(755)
(509)
(207)
(331)
(265)
(242)
(217)
(420)
(435)
(181)
(274)
(259)
(139)
(274)
(177)
(187)
(863)
(424)
(452)
(934)
(240)
(156)
(346)
(202)
(1075)
(500)
(749)
(2982)
(393)
(151)
(213)
(193)
(200)
(755)
(2266)
(3408)
(257)
(489)
(2350)
(256)
(171)
(154)
(241)
(372)
(233)
(177)
(1045)
(182)
(210)
(193)
(2894)
(310)
(2134)
(3339)
(1485)
(158)
(2408)
(1326)
(1082)
(215)
(1102)
(358)
(805)
(1383)
(448)
(348)
(325)
(1464)
(310)
(745)
(191)
(146)
(142)
(309)
(414)
(616)
(199)
(233)
(164)
(232)
(210)
(860)
(219)
(352)
(449)
(325)
(257)
(303)
(254)
(339)
(713)
(414)
(147)
(216)
(263)
(226)
(194)
(240)
(177)
(298)
(580)
(201)
(629)
(484)
(246)
(589)
(209)
(327)
(696)
(3486)
(1123)
(298)
(934)
(198)
(193)
(139)
(1813)
(156)
(1275)
(489)
(258)
(305)
(237)
(157)
(258)
(262)
(144)
(139)
(285)
(475)
(885)
(415)
(353)
(206)
(152)
(287)
(138)
(1270)
(633)
(624)
(3803)
(286)
(210)
(3632)
(928)
(329)
(459)
(593)
(244)
(433)
(160)
(451)
(1675)
(733)
(613)
(311)
(468)
(144)
(411)
(151)
(1270)
(240)
(199)
(904)
(208)
(375)
(245)
(318)
(163)
(146)
(178)
(183)
(265)
(233)
(222)
(159)
(139)
(179)
(224)
(184)
(314)
(336)
(162)
(2991)
(1921)
(1555)
(144)
(3037)
(255)
(1869)
(236)
(1775)
(3135)
(2060)
(2126)
(180)
(914)
(4162)
(946)
(371)
(196)
(472)
(173)
(506)
(1577)
(247)
(169)
(431)
(308)
(625)
(588)
(336)
0 of 1000
(1)
(1)
(1)
0 of 3
Showing 3701 - 3720 of 82972 results
  • Identification of Effective Control Technologies for Additive Manufacturing
    Identification of Effective Control Technologies for Additive Manufacturing
    du Plessis, Johan ;
    du Preez, Sonette
    2022/07/04 | J Toxicol Environ Health B 2022 Jul; 25(5):211-249 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    Additive manufacturing (AM) refers to several types of processes that join materials to build objects, often layer-by-layer, from a computer-aided design file. Many AM processes release potentially hazardous particles and gases during printing and associated tasks. There is limited understanding of the efficacy of controls including elimination, su ...
    Supporting Files
  • Characterizing Exposure to Physical Risk Factors During Veterinary Surgery with Wearable Sensors A Pilot Study
    Characterizing Exposure to Physical Risk Factors During Veterinary Surgery with Wearable Sensors: A Pilot Study
    Asadi H ;
    Breur GJ
    2022/07/03 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    Veterinarians provide comprehensive health services for animals, but despite exposure to similar occupational and safety hazards as medical physicians, physical risk factors for these doctors and healthcare teams have not been characterized. In this pilot study, we used wearable sensor technology and showed that veterinary surgeons commonly experie ...
  • Barriers to COVID19 intervention implementation in K5 classrooms a survey of teachers from a district with mask mandates despite a statewide mask mandate ban
    Barriers to COVID-19 intervention implementation in K-5 classrooms: a survey of teachers from a district with mask mandates despite a statewide mask mandate ban.
    DiGioia O ;
    Gerald LB
    2022/07/02 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    The study objective was to characterize K-5 teachers' risk perceptions and experiences with CDC COVID-19 classroom guidance in an Arizona school district with a mask mandate, conflicting with a statewide mask mandate ban. Methods: Public school teachers (n = 111) were recruited between 14 December 2021, and 31 January 2022, for an anonymous online ...
  • Urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in firefighters a systematic review and metaanalysis
    Urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in firefighters: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
    Agnew RJ ;
    Clifton S
    2022/07/02 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    Firefighters are intermittently exposed to complex, mixed pollutants in random settings. Of those pollutants, PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) are the most commonly studied and best understood. PAH exposure can occur via multiple routes; therefore, the levels of hydroxylated metabolites of PAHs in urine have been used as a biomonitoring tool ...
  • Posttraumatic stress disorder mediates the association between traumatic World Trade Center dust cloud exposure and ongoing systemic inflammation in community members
    Posttraumatic stress disorder mediates the association between traumatic World Trade Center dust cloud exposure and ongoing systemic inflammation in community members.
    Reibman J ;
    Rosen R
    2022/07/02 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    Exposure to World Trade Center (WTC) dust/fumes and traumas on 11 September 2001 has been reported as a risk factor for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other mental/physical health symptoms in WTC-affected populations. Increased systemic inflammation and oxidative stress from the exposure and subsequent illnesses have been proposed as con ...
  • Associations between changes in daily behaviors and selfreported feelings of depression and anxiety about the COVID19 pandemic among older adults
    Associations between changes in daily behaviors and self-reported feelings of depression and anxiety about the COVID-19 pandemic among older adults.
    Barger LK ;
    Czeisler MÉ
    2022/07/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    Objectives: Due to the significant mortality and morbidity consequences of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic among older adults, these individuals were urged to avoid going out in public and socializing with others, among other major disruptions to daily life. While these significant and often unavoidable disruptions have been shown ...
  • Characterization and Toxicity Analysis of LabCreated Respirable Coal Mine Dust from the Appalachians and Rocky Mountains Regions
    Characterization and Toxicity Analysis of Lab-Created Respirable Coal Mine Dust from the Appalachians and Rocky Mountains Regions
    Baltrusaitis J ;
    Camacho A
    2022/07/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    Coal mine workers are continuously exposed to respirable coal mine dust (RCMD) in workplaces, causing severe lung diseases. RCMD characteristics and their relations with dust toxicity need further research to understand the adverse exposure effects to RCMD. The geographic clustering of coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) suggests that RCMD in the Ap ...
  • The Lingering Curvilinear Effect of Workload on Employee Rumination and Negative Emotions A Diary Study
    The Lingering Curvilinear Effect of Workload on Employee Rumination and Negative Emotions: A Diary Study
    Kessler SR ;
    Krajcevska A
    2022/07/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    A high workload has long been considered a harmful stressor that adversely affects employees. In the current study, we propose that work underload also has negative implications for employees, and that there is a curvilinear relationship between daily workload and rumination. These negative consequences can carry over to the next day. We collected ...
  • Effect of cloth masks and N95 respirators on maximal exercise performance in collegiate athletes
    Effect of cloth masks and N95 respirators on maximal exercise performance in collegiate athletes.
    Carnahan SP ;
    Carpenter T
    2022/07/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    This study compared exercise performance and comfort while wearing an N95 filtering facepiece respirator (N95), cloth mask, or no intervention control for source control during a maximal graded treadmill exercise test (GXT). Twelve Division 1 athletes (50% female, age = 20.1 +/- 1.2, BMI = 23.5 +/- 1.6) completed GXTs under three randomized conditi ...
    Public Domain
  • Evolution and Applications of Recent Sensing Technology for Occupational Risk Assessment A Rapid Review of the Literature
    Evolution and Applications of Recent Sensing Technology for Occupational Risk Assessment: A Rapid Review of the Literature
    Borghi A ;
    Borghi F
    2022/07/01 | Mining Publications
    Over the last decade, technological advancements have been made available and applied in a wide range of applications in several work fields, ranging from personal to industrial enforcements. One of the emerging issues concerns occupational safety and health in the Fourth Industrial Revolution and, in more detail, it deals with how industrial hygie ...
    Public Domain
  • Postural strategies among office workers during a prolonged sitting bout
    Postural strategies among office workers during a prolonged sitting bout.
    Arippa F ;
    Harris-Adamson C
    2022/07/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    Sedentary behavior has increased steadily over prior decades, primarily due to increased computer use at work and at home. The total sedentary time per day has been associated with increased risk of cardiometabolic diseases; increased sitting time at work has been associated with musculoskeletal discomfort particularly in the low back. Office worke ...
  • NIOSH eNews Volume 20 Number 3 July 2022
    NIOSH eNews: Volume 20, Number 3, July 2022
    July 2022 | NIOSH eNews
    No Description
    Public Domain
  • NADPH and Xanthine Oxidases Control Induction of Inflammatory Mediator Expression by Organic Dust in the Lung
    NADPH and Xanthine Oxidases Control Induction of Inflammatory Mediator Expression by Organic Dust in the Lung
    Boggaram V ;
    Hamilton CE
    2022/07/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    Exposure to organic dust in animal and agricultural farms and the ensuing lung inflammation are linked to the development of respiratory diseases. We found previously that elevated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by aqueous poultry organic dust extract (hereafter referred to as dust extract) mediates induction of proinflammatory mediato ...
  • Effect of Skin Protectants on the Total Inward Leakage of N95 Respirators Testing with an Advanced Static Headform
    Effect of Skin Protectants on the Total Inward Leakage of N95 Respirators: Testing with an Advanced Static Headform
    Grinshpun SA ;
    Jandarov R
    2022/07/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    The COVID-19 pandemic introduced considerable challenges for respiratory protection of different population groups. Disposable medical masks and NIOSH-approved N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) are typically their only defense against the virus. At the same time, continuous wearing of these devices, especially some N95 FFR models cause dam ...
  • Global Health Impacts for Economic Models of Climate Change A Systematic Review and MetaAnalysis
    Global Health Impacts for Economic Models of Climate Change: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    Anenberg SC ;
    Balmes JR
    2022/07/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    Rationale: Avoiding excess health damages attributable to climate change is a primary motivator for policy interventions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, the health benefits of climate mitigation, as included in the policy assessment process, have been estimated without much input from health experts. Objectives: In accordance with reco ...
  • The Impact of a StateBased Workers Compensation Insurers Risk Control Services on Employer Claim Frequency and Cost Rates
    The Impact of a State-Based Workers’ Compensation Insurer’s Risk Control Services on Employer Claim Frequency and Cost Rates
    Bertke SJ ;
    Bushnell PT
    2022/07/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    Objective: This study evaluated the impact of a state workers' compensation (WC) insurer's onsite risk control (RC) services on insured employers' WC claim frequency and cost. Methods: We used two methods to model 2004-2017 claims data from 4,606 employers that received RC visits over time and compare this claims experience to matching employers th ...
    Public Domain
  • Occupational Risk Factors for Work Disability Following Carpal Tunnel Syndrome A Pooled Prospective Study
    Occupational Risk Factors for Work Disability Following Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Pooled Prospective Study
    Bao S ;
    Dale A-M
    2022/07/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    Background: Although recent studies have identified important risk factors associated with incident carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), risk factors associated with its severity have not been well explored. Objective: To examine the associations between personal, workplace psychosocial and biomechanical factors and incident work disability among workers ...
  • NRT Quick Reference Guide Tabun GA
    NRT Quick Reference Guide: Tabun (GA)
    National Response Team (U.S.)
    2022/07/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    Agent Classification: Schedule 1 Chemical Warfare Nerve Agent; Tabun (GA); CAS: 77-81-6. Description: Tabun (ethyl dimethylamidocyanophosphate) is a colorless to brown liquid; generally odorless, though possibly fruity or almond-like. Tabun is a lethal cholinesterase inhibitor with a mechanism of toxicity similar to organophosphate insecticides, th ...
    Public Domain
  • 2020 Occupational Fatalities in Oregon Annual Report
    2020 Occupational Fatalities in Oregon: Annual Report
    Oregon Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (OR-FACE)
    2022/07/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    The Oregon Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (OR-FACE) is a project of the Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences at Oregon Health & Science University. OR-FACE is supported by a cooperative agreement with the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (grant #U60OH01241) through the Occupational Public Health ...
  • Indirect Mediators of Systemic Health Outcomes Following Nanoparticle Inhalation Exposure
    Indirect Mediators of Systemic Health Outcomes Following Nanoparticle Inhalation Exposure
    Campen MJ ;
    Canal CG
    2022/07/01 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    The growing field of nanoscience has shed light on the wide diversity of natural and anthropogenic sources of nano-scale particulates, raising concern as to their impacts on human health. Inhalation is the most robust route of entry, with nanoparticles (NPs) evading mucociliary clearance and depositing deep into the alveolar region. Yet, impacts fr ...
3701 - 3720 / 82972