Details:

Personal Author:
Hills, Susan L. ; Walter, Emmanuel B. ; Atmar, Robert L. ; Fischer, Marc
Hills, Susan L. ; Walter, Emmanuel B. ; Atmar, Robert L. ; Fischer, Marc Less -
Corporate Authors:
United States. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. ; National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (U.S.). Division of Vector-Borne Diseases.
United States. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. ; National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (U.S.). Division of Vector-Borne Diseases. Less -
Description:
This report updates the 2010 recommendations from the CDC Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) regarding prevention of Japanese encephalitis (JE) among U.S. travelers and laboratory workers (Fischer M, Lindsey N, Staples JE, Hills S. Japanese encephalitis vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 2010;59[No. RR-1]). The report summarizes the epidemiology of JE, describes the JE vaccine that is licensed and available in the United States, and provides recommendations for its use among travelers and laboratory workers.

JE virus, a mosquito borne flavivirus, is the most common vaccine-preventable cause of encephalitis in Asia. JE occurs throughout most of Asia and parts of the western Pacific. Approximately 20%–30% of patients die, and 30%–50% of survivors have neurologic, cognitive, or behavioral sequelae. No antiviral treatment is available.

Inactivated Vero cell culture–derived JE vaccine (Ixiaro [JE-VC]) is the only JE vaccine that is licensed and available in the United States. In 2009, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) licensed JE-VC for use in persons aged ≥17 years; in 2013, licensure was extended to include children aged ≥2 months.

Most travelers to countries where the disease is endemic are at very low risk for JE. However, some travelers are at increased risk for infection on the basis of their travel plans. Factors that increase the risk for JE virus exposure include 1) traveling for a longer period; 2) travel during the JE virus transmission season; 3) spending time in rural areas; 4) participating in extensive outdoor activities; and 5) staying in accommodations without air conditioning, screens, or bed nets. All travelers to countries where JE is endemic should be advised to take precautions to avoid mosquito bites to reduce the risk for JE and other vector borne diseases. For some persons who might be at increased risk for JE, the vaccine can further reduce the risk for infection. The decision about whether to vaccinate should be individualized and consider the 1) risks related to the specific travel itinerary, 2) likelihood of future travel to countries where JE is endemic, 3) high morbidity and mortality of JE, 4) availability of an effective vaccine, 5) possibility (but low probability) of serious adverse events after vaccination, and 6) the traveler’s personal perception and tolerance of risk.

JE vaccine is recommended for persons moving to a JE-endemic country to take up residence, longer-term (e.g., ≥1 month) travelers to JE-endemic areas, and frequent travelers to JE-endemic areas. JE vaccine also should be considered for shorter-term (e.g., <1 month) travelers with an increased risk for JE on the basis of planned travel duration, season, location, activities, and accommodations and for travelers to JE-endemic areas who are uncertain about their specific travel duration, destinations, or activities. JE vaccine is not recommended for travelers with very low-risk itineraries, such as shorter-term travel limited to urban areas or outside of a well-defined JE virus transmission season.

Suggested citation for this article: Hills SL, Walter EB, Atmar RL, Fischer M. Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Recomm Rep 2019;68(No. RR-2):1–33. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr6802a1

rr6802a1-H.pdf


Content Notes:
Introduction -- Methods -- Background -- JE-VC -- Recommendations for the Prevention of JE Among U.S. Travelers . -- Recommendations for the Prevention of JE Among Laboratory Workers -- Administration of JE Vaccine -- Contraindications and Precaution for the Use of JE Vaccine -- Special Populations -- Reporting of Vaccine Adverse Events -- Future Research on JE-VC -- Additional Information -- References.
Subjects:
[+]
Encephalitis, Japanese Immunization Schedule Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines Risk Assessment Travel Vaccines, Inactivated
Source:
MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report
Series:
MMWR. Recommendations and reports: Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports ; v. 68, no. 2
Document Type:
Journal Article
Genre:
Guideline
Place as Subject:
United States
Location:
North America
Collection(s):
Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)
Main Document Checksum:
[+]
urn:sha256:f5e9c18f7c34e1ecca23f7811492299aa3d992a390a03c2ec49fcccaf3917f02
Download URL:
https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/79887/cdc_79887_DS1.pdf
File Type:

Supporting Files

• rr6802a1.htm?s_cid=rr6802a1_w

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