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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" article-type="research-article"><?properties open_access?><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Colomb Med (Cali)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Colomb. Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cm</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Colombia M&#x000e9;dica : CM</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0120-8322</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1657-9534</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Universidad del Valle</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">30410193</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">6220485</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.25100/cm.v49i3.3774</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Concordance analysis between different methodologies used for identification of oral isolates of <italic>Candida</italic> species</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="es"><trans-title>An&#x000e1;lisis de concordancia de diferentes metodolog&#x000ed;as para la identificaci&#x000f3;n de aislamientos orales de especies de <italic>Candida</italic></trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zuluaga</surname><given-names>Alejandra</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Arango-Bustamante</surname><given-names>Karen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>* </xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Caceres</surname><given-names>Diego H.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>S&#x000e1;nchez-Quitian</surname><given-names>Zilpa A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vel&#x000e1;squez</surname><given-names>Ver&#x000f3;nica</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>G&#x000f3;mez</surname><given-names>Beatriz L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Parra-Giraldo</surname><given-names>Claudia M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Maldonado</surname><given-names>Natalia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cano</surname><given-names>Luz E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>de Bedout</surname><given-names>Catalina</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rivera</surname><given-names>Ra&#x000fa;l E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label> Unidad de Micolog&#x000ed;a M&#x000e9;dica y Experimental, Corporaci&#x000f3;n para Investigaciones Biol&#x000f3;gicas (CIB), Medell&#x000ed;n, Colombia.</aff><aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label> ORISE Fellow with the Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA.</aff><aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label> Unidad de Investigaci&#x000f3;n en Prote&#x000f3;mica y Micosis Humanas, Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiolog&#x000ed;a, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogot&#x000e1;, Colombia.</aff><aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label> Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogot&#x000e1;, Colombia. </aff><aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label> Laboratorio M&#x000e9;dico de Referencia S.A.S, Grupo GERMEN, Medell&#x000ed;n, Colombia.</aff><aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label> Escuela de Microbiolog&#x000ed;a, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell&#x000ed;n, Colombia.</aff><aff id="aff7">
<label>7</label> Programa de Odontolog&#x000ed;a, Universidad Antonio Nari&#x000f1;o, Armenia - Quind&#x000ed;o, Colombia.</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1"><bold>Corresponding author:</bold> Diego H. Caceres, BSc, MSc. ORISE Fellow with the Mycotic Diseases Branch. CDC, Atlanta, USA. Phone: (+1) 470 776 5078. E-mail: <email>diegocaceres84@gmail.com</email> / <email>xju7@cdc.gov</email></corresp><fn fn-type="equal" id="fn1"><label>*</label><p> These authors contributed equally in this work</p></fn><fn fn-type="equal" id="fn2"><p>
<bold>Conflicts of interest:</bold> All other authors not report potential conflicts of interest. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2018-09-30"><day>30</day><month>9</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic"><season>Jul-Sep</season><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>49</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>193</fpage><lpage>200</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>24</day><month>2</month><year>2018</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>05</day><month>7</month><year>2018</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>23</day><month>7</month><year>2018</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &#x000a9; 2018 Universidad del Valle</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>), which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><title>Abstract</title><sec><title>Background:</title><p> The yeasts species determination is fundamental not only for an accurate diagnosis but also for establishing a suitable patient treatment. We performed a concordance study of five methodologies for the species identification of oral isolates of <italic>Candida</italic> in Colombia. </p></sec><sec><title>Methods:</title><p> Sixty-seven <italic>Candida</italic> isolates were tested by; API&#x000ae; 20C-AUX, Vitek&#x000ae;2 Compact, Vitek&#x000ae;MS, Microflex&#x000ae; and a molecular test (panfungal PCR and sequencing). The commercial cost and processing time of the samples was done by graphical analysis. </p></sec><sec><title>Results:</title><p> Panfungal PCR differentiated 12 species of <italic>Candida</italic>, Vitek&#x000ae;MS and Microflex&#x000ae; methods identified 9 species, and API&#x000ae; 20C-AUX and Vitek&#x000ae;2 Compact methods identified 8 species each. Weighted Kappa (wK) showed a high agreement between Panfungal PCR, Vitek&#x000ae;MS, Microflex&#x000ae; and API&#x000ae; 20C-AUX (wK 0.62-0.93). The wK that involved the Vitek&#x000ae;2 Compact method presented moderate or good concordances compared with the other methods (wK 0.56-0.73). Methodologies based on MALDI TOF MS required 4 minutes to generate results and the Microflex&#x000ae; method had the lowest selling price. </p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion:</title><p> The methods evaluated showed high concordance in their results, being higher for the molecular methods and the methodologies based on MALDI TOF. The latter are faster and cheaper, presenting as promising alternatives for the routine identification of yeast species of the genus <italic>Candida</italic>.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="es"><title>Resumen</title><sec><title>Introducci&#x000f3;n:</title><p> La clasificaci&#x000f3;n a nivel de especies de las levaduras del g&#x000e9;nero <italic>Candida</italic> de origen cl&#x000ed;nico es fundamental para el diagn&#x000f3;stico y la instauraci&#x000f3;n de un adecuado tratamiento para el paciente. Se realiz&#x000f3; un estudio de concordancia de cinco metodolog&#x000ed;as usadas para la identificaci&#x000f3;n de aislamientos orales de <italic>Candida</italic> spp en Colombia.</p></sec><sec><title>M&#x000e9;todos:</title><p> Sesenta y siete aislamientos de <italic>Candida</italic> spp fueron identificados a nivel de especie utilizando; API&#x000ae; 20 C AUX&#x0201a; Vitek&#x000ae; 2 Compact, MALDI TOF (Vitek&#x000ae; MS y Microflex&#x000ae;) y una prueba molecular, PCR Panfungal y secuenciaci&#x000f3;n. Un an&#x000e1;lisis del costo comercial y tiempo de procesamiento de las muestras por cada m&#x000e9;todo fue realizado mediante el an&#x000e1;lisis gr&#x000e1;fico de ambas variables.</p></sec><sec><title>Resultados:</title><p> La PCR Panfungal y secuenciaci&#x000f3;n diferenci&#x000f3; 12 especies de <italic>Candida</italic>&#x0201a; los m&#x000e9;todos Vitek&#x000ae; MS y Microflex&#x000ae; identificaron 9 especies y los m&#x000e9;todos API&#x000ae; 20 C AUX y Vitek&#x000ae; 2 Compact identificaron 8 especies. El an&#x000e1;lisis de Kappa ponderado (wK) demostr&#x000f3; una concordancia alta entre los m&#x000e9;todos PCR Panfungal y secuenciaci&#x000f3;n&#x0201a; Vitek&#x000ae; MS&#x0201a; Microflex&#x000ae; y API&#x000ae; 20 C AUX&#x0201a; concordancias agrupadas en las categor&#x000ed;as buena y muy buena (wK 0.62 - 0.93); los Kp que involucraron el m&#x000e9;todo Vitek&#x000ae; 2 Compact presentaron concordancias moderadas o buenas frente a los otros m&#x000e9;todos (wK 0.56 - 0.73). Las metodolog&#x000ed;as basadas en MALDI TOF MS requirieron 4 minutos para generar un resultado y el m&#x000e9;todo Microflex&#x000ae; fue el m&#x000e9;todo que en nuestro medio present&#x000f3; el menor precio de venta del servicio.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusi&#x000f3;n:</title><p> Los m&#x000e9;todos evaluados presentaron una alta concordancia en sus resultados&#x0201a; siendo m&#x000e1;s alta para los m&#x000e9;todos moleculares y las metodolog&#x000ed;as basadas en MALDI TOF MS; estas &#x000fa;ltimas son metodolog&#x000ed;as m&#x000e1;s r&#x000e1;pidas, econ&#x000f3;micas y precisas, las cuales se presentan como alternativas prometedoras para la identificaci&#x000f3;n rutinaria de especies de levaduras del g&#x000e9;nero <italic>Candida</italic>.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group><title>Key words:</title><kwd>Candida</kwd><kwd>mouth mucosa</kwd><kwd>diagnosis</kwd><kwd>Polymerase Chain Reaction</kwd><kwd>Spectrometry</kwd><kwd>Mass</kwd><kwd>Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization</kwd><kwd>Colombia</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="es"><title>Palabras clave:</title><kwd>Candida</kwd><kwd>mucosa bucal</kwd><kwd>diagn&#x000f3;stico</kwd><kwd>reacci&#x000f3;n en cadena de la polimerasa,espectrometr&#x000ed;a</kwd><kwd>masas</kwd><kwd>matrix asistida por l&#x000e1;ser de desorci&#x000f3;n-ionizaci&#x000f3;n</kwd><kwd>Colombia</kwd></kwd-group><counts><fig-count count="6"/><table-count count="2"/><equation-count count="0"/><ref-count count="41"/><page-count count="8"/></counts></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro"><title>Introduction</title><p>The genus <italic>Candida</italic> consists of a group of ubiquitous yeasts with diverse characteristics. The best-known species in the group is <italic>Candida albicans,</italic> as it is the main species related to most yeast infections in humans, however, an increase in the number of infections caused by species different from <italic>C. albicans</italic> has been observed. These emerging species have become more important, since some have profiles of resistance to commonly used antifungal drugs, especially azoles and echinocandins <xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>. Based on the above, the correct identification of yeasts of the genus <italic>Candida</italic> is one of the greatest challenges at present, because this could delay the establishment of suitable treatment in patients with invasive fungal infections. For this reason, it is necessary to have fast and accurate tests for identification of clinical isolates <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>.</p><p>Currently, there are several methodologies for the identification of yeasts, some using chromogenic medias such as CHROMagar&#x02122; <italic>Candida</italic>, that allow a presumptive identification of the most common and relevant clinical species (<italic>C. albicans</italic> and <italic>C. tropicalis</italic>). It is important to know that many authors emphasize the importance of complementing such identification with other phenotypic tests that allow species confirmation <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>. Similarly, there are commercial systems such as API<sup>&#x000ae;</sup> 20 C AUX or Vitek<sup>&#x000ae;</sup> 2 Compact system for the identification of yeasts, using methodologies that are based on biochemical identification. They have the disadvantage that they can generate misidentification due to the lack of experience of the laboratory technician in the interpretation of results, and with some frequency these systems are not able to differentiate species with similar biochemical profiles, because some emergent species are not included in their databases <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>. Mass spectrometry, based on the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI TOF) methodology, has emerged as a valuable method for the identification of microorganisms, and with good performance in the identification of yeasts, for its speed and precision <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>. For these reasons, this technology has been used more frequently in clinical laboratories, the commercial systems Microflex<sup>&#x000ae;</sup> (Bruker Daltonics GmbH, Leipzig, Germany) and Vitek<sup>&#x000ae;</sup> MS (bioM&#x000e9;rieux, Marcy, L'Etoile, France) being the most popular <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>.</p><p>Other methodologies employ molecular techniques based on the sequencing of nucleic acids, which has been used as a reference method to make comparisons with other identification tests, because it provides more accurate identification <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>8</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>9</sup>
</xref>. Additionally, sequencing techniques permit the identification of cryptic species such as <italic>C. orthopsilosis</italic>, <italic>C. nivariensis</italic>, or <italic>C. bracarensis</italic> with high precision, which frequently exhibit resistance to antifungal agents <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>9</sup>
</xref>. As a limitation, the use of DNA sequencing techniques is limited to laboratories with special spaces, has equipment requirements, and requires highly trained personnel <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>10</sup>
</xref>.</p><p>Considering that there are few studies that have analyzed the concordance of yeasts identification methods of, the principal aim of this study was to evaluate the concordance between five different methods, based on biochemical testing, mass spectrometry and DNA sequencing, that are used for the identification of yeasts of the genus <italic>Candida</italic>.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods"><title>Materials and Methods</title><sec><title>Population and study site</title><p>Oral rinses were obtained during the 2014 from 98 healthy adult individuals attending at the Universidad Antonio Nari&#x000f1;o dental clinics, located in nine Colombian cities (Armenia, Bogota, Bucaramanga, Cucuta, Ibagu&#x000e9;, Neiva, Palmira, Popayan and Villavicencio). These individuals did not have known systemic disease, although some had localized pathological processes. Samples from patients with systemic disease and from patients receiving antibiotic, antifungal or corticosteroid treatment in the last 6 months were excluded from the analyses.</p></sec><sec><title>Isolates</title><p>Mouthwashes were immediately submitted to the Laboratory of the Medical and Experimental Mycology Unit, at the Corporaci&#x000f3;n para Investigaciones Biol&#x000f3;gicas (CIB) in Medell&#x000ed;n, Colombia. Samples were processed using Sabouraud Dextrosa&#x02122; agar with antibiotics (BD&#x02122;, reference 210950) <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>11</sup>
</xref> and with CHROMagar&#x02122; <italic>Candida</italic> (CHOMagar Microbiology, Paris, France) <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>12</sup>
</xref>, which allowed verification of the possibility of mixed infections by several species of Candida from the primary cultures. The cultures were incubated at 25&#x000b0; C for 20 days, with weekly readings to evaluate the type of growth. The recovered isolates (n= 67) were stored in sterile distilled water at 4&#x000b0; C and in a medium composed of skim milk (BD&#x02122;, reference 232100) at -20&#x000b0; C.</p></sec><sec><title>Identification of yeast</title><p>Identification of the isolates was performed using the following methodologies: 1) CHROMagar&#x02122; <italic>Candida</italic> (CHOMagar Microbiology, Paris, France). 2) API&#x000ae; 20 C AUX (bioM&#x000e9;rieux, Marcy, L'Etoile, France). 3) Vitek<sup>&#x000ae;</sup> 2 Compact automated system (bioM&#x000e9;rieux, Inc., Hazelwood, MO, USA). 4 and 5) Mass spectrometry based on the MALDI TOF MS (matrix assisted laser desorption / ionization) technique in Vitek<sup>&#x000ae;</sup> MS (bioM&#x000e9;rieux, Marcy, L'Etoile, France) and Microflex<sup>&#x000ae;</sup> (Bruker Daltonics GmbH, Leipzig, Germany). 6) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Panfungal and sequencing.</p><sec><title>Methodologies used for the identification of yeasts</title><p>1. CHROMagar&#x02122; <italic>Candida</italic>: After surface growth on this medium, the color of each of the colonies was checked to classify them according to the following characteristics: <italic>C. albicans/dubliniensis</italic> complex colonies showed medium to light green color, <italic>C. tropicalis</italic> blue colonies, and other species presented pink or light to dark lilac color, or their natural cream color <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>12</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>13</sup>
</xref>. </p><p>2. API&#x000ae; 20 C AUX: Testing was performed following the manufacturer's recommendations (bioM&#x000e9;rieux, Marcy-l'Etoile, France) <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>14</sup>
</xref>. After the incubation period (48 h at 25&#x000b0; C), panels were checked visually. The numerical profile obtained for each isolate was interpreted using the Apiweb<sup>TM</sup> software (bioM&#x000e9;rieux, reference: 40 011). </p><p>3. Vitek<sup>&#x000ae;</sup> 2 Compact: The inoculum was prepared in 3 mL of 0.45% saline solution, using a pure culture of no more than 24 h growth. The suspension was adjusted to a McFarland turbidity range of 1.8-2.2 using the DensiCheck&#x000ae;. The final inoculum was automatically dispensed into the kit identification cards (YST, reference: 21343), and incubated using the Vitek<sup>&#x000ae;</sup> 2 Compact equipment (bioM&#x000e9;rieux, Durham, NC). The final identification was classified as follows: "excellent," "very good," "good," "acceptable," or "with low discrimination," depending on confidence level and percentage of discrimination for each identification provided by the equipment&#x02019;s software <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>15</sup>
</xref>. </p><p>4. MALDI TOF MS: This was done using two commercial platforms; the Vitek&#x000ae; MS equipment (bioM&#x000e9;rieux, Marcy, L'Etoile, France) and the Microflex<sup>&#x000ae;</sup> (Bruker Daltonics GmbH, Leipzig, Germany) Biotype Library 3.0. The methodological details corresponding to each commercial method are described below. </p><p>4.1 Vitek<sup>&#x000ae;</sup> MS: A single pure colony (growth 24-72 h) was deposited in a single well of the Vitek<sup>&#x000ae;</sup> MS plate. Cells were lysed with 0.5 &#x003bc;L of 25% concentration formic acid (Ref: 411072) and allowed to dry at room temperature (1-2 min). After drying, 1 &#x003bc;L of the CHCA matrix (bioM&#x000e9;rieux, Marcy, L'Etoile, France, reference: 411071) was added. Tests were performed after the final mixture was completely dry. The peak spectrum was analyzed using the MS-ID server (MS-ID [CE / IVD] database) <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>16</sup>
</xref>. </p><p>4.2 Microflex<sup>&#x000ae;</sup>: Isolates grown for no more than 24 h at 37( C were tested by direct extraction methodology in plate or by extraction with formic acid. For direct extraction, a single colony was deposited directly in the MALDI TOF plate, allowed to dry at room temperature; after dry, 1 &#x003bc;L of 100% concentration formic acid was added, and then was covered with 1 &#x003bc;l of HCAA matrix (&#x003b1;-cyano-4 hydroxycinnamic acid - HCCA). After drying for a second time at room temperature, the treated samples were analyzed using the Biotyper machine and the final mass spectra were analyzed using the FlexControl software (version 3.0) and the MALDI Biotyper RTC. Strains that had a low score in the direct test identification or in which the identification was not possible were extracted with formic acid, following the manufacturer's instructions (Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Bremen, Germany) <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>17</sup>
</xref>. Each sample was served in duplicate to verify the reproducibility. </p><p>5. Panfungal PCR and sequencing: The D1/D2 region of the 28S rRNA gene was amplified, following the international guidelines for molecular identification of fungi <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>18</sup>
</xref>. The ITS 1-4 (Internal Transcribed Spacer) region was also amplified for the identification of cryptic species in <italic>Candida parapsilosis</italic> and <italic>Candida glabrata</italic> isolates<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>13</sup>
</xref>. Genomic DNA was extracted from isolated colonies grown on Sabouraud agar using the QIAamp DNA mini kit (QIAGEN, Germantown, MD), following the manufacturer's recommendations. Molecular markers were amplified using primers and protocols previously described for the D1/D2 and ITS 1-4 regions <xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>19</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>20</sup>
</xref>. Amplified products from the D1/D2 region (~ 600 bp) and the ITS region 1-4 (600-900 bp) were shipped to Macrogen laboratories (Maryland, USA) for sequencing. Editing and aligning of sequences were performed using the Sequencher 5.0 software (Gene Code Corporation). A search was made to establish similarity/homology in two databases: the NCBI (BLAST) (National Biotechnology Information Center, Washington, DC) and the CBS-KNAW (Fungal Diversity Center). </p></sec></sec><sec><title>Methodological design and statistical analysis</title><p>Variables analyzed in this study were summarized by calculating both absolute and relative frequencies. A concordance analysis was performed to evaluate the agreement between different methods used for yeast identification. The Weighted Kappa (wK) values and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. The concordance analysis was performed in two ways, as follows: The first analysis was done by regrouping the results obtained by the API<sup>&#x000ae;</sup> 20 C AUX, Vitek<sup>&#x000ae;</sup> 2 Compact, Vitek<sup>&#x000ae;</sup> MS, Microflex<sup>&#x000ae;</sup> and panfungal PCR and sequencing, in the following three categories of results: <italic>C. albicans/dubliniensis</italic>, <italic>C. tropicalis</italic>, and <italic>Candida</italic> spp different than <italic>Candida albicans/dubliniensis/tropicalis.</italic> This regrouped result was done to compare the five previous mentioned methodologies against the CHROMagar&#x02122; <italic>Candida</italic>. The second analysis compared the results of the API<sup>&#x000ae;</sup> 20 C AUX, Vitek<sup>&#x000ae;</sup> 2 Compact, Vitek<sup>&#x000ae;</sup> MS, Microflex<sup>&#x000ae;</sup> and panfungal PCR and sequencing, and in this second analysis the panfungal PCR and sequencing method was selected as the reference methodology. In addition, a cost/turnaround time results analysis was performed, using the sale price of the service and the turnaround time (excluding the times of the pre-analytical and post-analytical phases) from local laboratory providers in the city of Medell&#x000ed;n, Colombia. Information was collected through telephone calls or email. Interpretation was performed using graphic analysis of the two variables (cost and turnaround time). Statistical analyses were performed using the statistical package STATA 8.0<sup>&#x000ae;</sup> and graphics using Microsoft Excel 2010<sup>&#x000ae;</sup> software.</p></sec><sec><title>Ethics</title><p>The protocol was approved by the ethical committees of the Universidad Antonio Nari&#x000f1;o, Armenia - Quind&#x000ed;o, Colombia.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="results"><title>Results</title><p>Sixty-seven <italic>Candida</italic> isolates were recovered from 98 oral rinses (68% positivity). In the initial analysis using the CHROMagar&#x02122; <italic>Candida</italic> the 67 isolates were classified as follows: 39 (58%) isolates as <italic>C. albicans/dubliniensis</italic>, 4 (6%) as <italic>C. tropicalis</italic> and 24 (36%) isolates such as <italic>Candida</italic> different than <italic>Candida albicans/dubliniensis/tropicalis</italic>. The first concordance analysis to compare the CHROMagar&#x02122; <italic>Candida</italic> against the other five methodologies (regrouped results) gave the following Weighted Kappa (wK) results: vs API<sup>&#x000ae;</sup> 20 C AUX = 1.00 (95% CI= 1.00-1.00); vs Vitek<sup>&#x000ae;</sup> 2 Compact = 0.87 (95% CI= 0.75-0.96); vs Vitek&#x000ae; MS= 0.92 (95% CI= 0.80-0.99); vs Microflex&#x000ae; = 0.97 (95% CI= 0.94-1.00); and vs panfungal PCR and sequencing = 0.98 (95% CI= 0.95-1.00).</p><p>In the results of yeast identification, excluding the CHROMagar&#x02122; <italic>Candida</italic> results, it was observed that Panfungal PCR and sequencing was the method that identified the largest number of species (n= 12), following by Mass spectrometry methods, Vitek&#x000ae; MS and Microflex&#x000ae;, which identified 9 different <italic>Candida</italic> species each, and finally the biochemical methods API&#x000ae; 20 C AUX and Vitek&#x000ae; 2 Compact, which identified 8 different <italic>Candida</italic> species each. The description of the species identified by each methodology is summarized in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>.</p><p>
<fig id="f1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><title>Distribution of species classified according to the identification methodology. </title></caption><graphic xlink:href="1657-9534-cm-49-03-00193-gf1"/></fig>
</p><p>The second concordance study showed a high concordance between the results obtained with Panfungal PCR and sequencing, Vitek&#x000ae; MS, Microflex&#x000ae; and API&#x000ae; 20 C AUX, these results were grouped into the good and very good categories. The wK that involved the Vitek&#x000ae; 2 Compact method were characterized by moderate or good results compared with the other methods (Panfungal PCR and sequencing, Vitek&#x000ae; MS, Microflex&#x000ae; and API&#x000ae; 20 C AUX). A detailed analysis of the concordances and discordances comparing all the methods is given in <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>. Values of wK observed and their respective 95% CI are summarized in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>.</p><p>
<table-wrap id="t1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Comparison of concordances and discrepancies of the API<sup>&#x000ae;</sup> 20 C AUX, Vitek<sup>&#x000ae;</sup> 2 Compact, Vitek<sup>&#x000ae;</sup> MS and Microflex<sup>&#x000ae;</sup> against the reference method Panfungal PCR and sequencing.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col span="1"/><col span="1"/><col span="2"/><col span="2"/><col span="2"/><col span="2"/></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">&#x000a0;</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference method</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">API&#x000ae; 20 C AUX</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Vitek<sup><bold>&#x000ae;</bold></sup> 2 Compact</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Vitek<sup><bold>&#x000ae;</bold></sup> MS</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Microflex<sup><bold>&#x000ae;</bold></sup>
</th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>&#x000a0;</italic>
</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panfungal PCR and sequencing (n)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C (n)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D (n)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C (n)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D (n)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C (n)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D (n)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C (n)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D (n)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>C. albicans</italic>
</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>C. parapsilosis</italic>
</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>C. dubliniensis</italic>
</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>C. glabrata</italic>
</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>C. tropicalis</italic>
</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>C. intermedia</italic>
</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>C. guilliermondii</italic>
</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>C. lusitaniae</italic>
</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>C. haemulonii</italic>
</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>C. lipolytica</italic>
</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>C. fermentati</italic>
</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>Pichia kluyveri</italic>
</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>Total</bold>
</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN1"><p>n: n&#x000fa;mero </p></fn><fn id="TFN2"><p>C: concordances, </p></fn><fn id="TFN3"><p>D: discrepancies</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap>
</p><p>
<fig id="f2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><title>Concordance analysis of five methodologies for the identification of oral isolates of <italic>Candida</italic> species.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="1657-9534-cm-49-03-00193-gf2"/></fig>
</p><p>To confirm that the previous methods did not fail to detect species of the complex <italic>Candida parapsilosis</italic> and <italic>Candida glabrata</italic>, a PCR and sequencing analysis of the ITS 1-4 region was performed, determining no presence of cryptic species.</p><p>The analysis of costs/turnaround time results showed that the methods based on the MALDI TOF technology (Microflex&#x000ae; and Vitek&#x000ae; MS) required less time to generate a result (4 minutes), and in addition, the Microflex&#x000ae; method had the lower commercial cost (13 US Dollars). The panfungal PCR and sequencing was the method that required most time to generate a final report (3 days) and had the highest commercial value (86 USD). The analysis that compares the costs and turnaround time results for the tests evaluated in this report is summarized in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>.</p><p>
<fig id="f3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><title>Results of the cost/turnaround time analysis.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="1657-9534-cm-49-03-00193-gf3"/></fig>
</p></sec><sec sec-type="discussion"><title>Discussion</title><p>This study evaluated five different methodologies for the identification of clinical isolates of the <italic>Candida</italic> genus obtained from oral rinses. In general, we observed good concordance between the CHROMagar&#x02122; <italic>Candida</italic> and the other five methodologies evaluated in this study. The Vitek&#x000ae; 2 Compact method had the lowest agreement and the highest agreement was observed with the API&#x000ae; 20 C AUX. It is important to mention that use of CHROMagar&#x02122; <italic>Candida</italic> allows for identification of the presence of multiple species in the same clinical sample and gives a presumptive identification of the associated <italic>Candida</italic> species <xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>21</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>22</sup>
</xref>.</p><p>Most of the five methods analyzed showed high concordances grouped into good and very good categories. Previous studies have shown that phenotypic methods, based on biochemical tests such as the API&#x000ae; 20 C AUX and the Vitek&#x000ae; 2 Compact system, are the most used in clinical laboratories <xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>23</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>24</sup>
</xref>. In this study, it was observed that these two methods had the lowest capacity to differentiate <italic>Candida</italic> species and also presented lower values of wK, especially when comparing the Vitek&#x000ae; 2 Compact method with the other methodologies. Other authors have reported that these methods may present discrepancies in identifying less common <italic>Candida</italic> species and especially those that are closely related <xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>23</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>25</sup>
</xref>. In addition, the accuracy of these methods is greatly reduced if the laboratory technician does not perform the additional tests required for the identification. </p><p>In our study, Panfungal PCR and sequencing was able to identify species such as <italic>Candida fermentati</italic> and <italic>Candida haemulonii</italic>, which are emerging species, recently classified as species complex, that are difficult to identify by conventional methods and whose identification can become a challenge, because these species have not been included in the databases of most of the different identification systems available <xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>26</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>27</sup>
</xref>. In addition, some of these emerging species have shown a decrease in sensitivity to antifungal agents, and consequently, this increases the difficulty in the management of patients with invasive <italic>Candida</italic> infections <xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>26</sup>
</xref>
<sup>-</sup>
<xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>28</sup>
</xref>. In our study, none of the methodologies analyzed, except for Panfungal PCR and sequencing, had the ability to identify <italic>Candida lipolytica</italic> (n= 1), <italic>Candida fermentati</italic> (n= 1) and <italic>Pichia kluyveri</italic> (n= 1), species that have been reported mainly for industrial use, but, also have the capacity to behave as pathogens in humans according to host conditions <xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>26</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>29</sup>
</xref>
<sup>-</sup>
<xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>32</sup>
</xref>.</p><p>The methodologies based on MALDI TOF (Microflex&#x000ae; and Vitek&#x000ae; MS) presented high concordance compared with the reference method, panfungal PCR and sequencing. The analysis of concordance between these two technologies showed a very good agreement, due to the fact that both systems identified the same number of species, but not all of them corresponded to the same species, since there were inconsistencies in the identifications in 6 of the 67 analyzed isolates. There are several platforms of MALDI TOF, and differences will depend on the libraries of mass spectra and the algorithms of identification that each platform has <xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>33</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>34</sup>
</xref>. In this study the Microflex&#x000ae; was able to identify all the isolates at species level. When using the Vitek&#x000ae; MS spectrometer, three major discordances were observed (this platform was not able to determine the final identification at species level in three isolates), when compared with the reference method, affecting its wK value. Many studies have shown that these techniques are faster and more accurate in the identification of yeasts from crops, which has a high relevance in terms of time and costs <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>35</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>36</sup>
</xref>.</p><p>The panfungal PCR and sequencing advantage is that this technique allows the identification of cryptic species or complex species, but it is recommended to combine the amplification of the D1/D2 region with other targets in the ITS region <xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>24</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>26</sup>
</xref>. In this report, although the presence of cryptic species of <italic>Candida parapsilosis</italic> and <italic>Candida glabrata</italic> were not observed, it is important to use methodologies that are able to detect them, mainly due to the emergence of species that are difficult to manage <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>9</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>37</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<xref rid="B38" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>38</sup>
</xref>. In addition, this technique would be the best option, despite its cost, for those identifications that are doubtful or where other methodologies have low discriminatory power.</p><p>When we analyzed the costs and turnaround time results, we could determine that the methods based on the MALDI TOF technology (Microflex&#x000ae; and Vitek&#x000ae; MS) were the ones that offered the least time for results, as previously reported, and when comparing this methodology with other conventional methods, our results also reflected a reasonable and competitive cost <xref rid="B39" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>39</sup>
</xref>. It should be noted that this technology allows precise results, surpassing the conventional identification techniques <xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>40</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>41</sup>
</xref>. This technology has shown great potential for fast and accurate identification, and this finding demonstrates the need to make its methodologies more available.</p><p>It is important to mention that delays can occur in the generation of results, as a result of factors that are not inherent to the methodology or external, such as the day that the isolation arrives in the laboratory, the viability of the isolate, the need for additional extraction steps, the days designated in the laboratory for sample processing, the availability of laboratory personnel, or turnaround time for sequencing analysis. Changes in some of these factors can make a significant difference when delivering a timely outcome and it would help to implement changes at the laboratory level to improve the different processes.</p><p>The present study was limited to the evaluation of <italic>Candida</italic> species isolated from oral mucosa. Although it was possible to show a wide variety of species identified between the different methods, it would be pertinent for future investigations to carry out the same evaluation in other clinical specimens. In addition, the cost and time analysis was only carried out in the city of Medell&#x000ed;n, Colombia. In Colombia the number of laboratories that offer molecular methods or MALDI TOF technology is limited, which may increase the costs of these tests in a significant way, mainly due to the exclusivity of the service.</p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusions"><title>Conclusion</title><p>It is necessary to implement identification methods that facilitate access to fast and reliable results, but at the same time, help to optimize the economic resources once those are implemented in the daily routine. In this work, it was shown that the systems based on the MALDI TOF technology, despite being methodologies that initially required a substantial economic investment, proved to be fast, economical (commercial value of the test) and precise, which are presented as promising alternatives for the routine identification of yeasts of the <italic>Candida</italic> genus. For those laboratories not able to access molecular or mass spectrometry tests, the use of automated tests could be a good alternative if the laboratorian technician follows the specification provided by the manufacture, and pays special attention to those results that involve uncommon species or discrepant characteristics presented in the isolate (morphology, susceptibility patter and other additional taxonomy keys).</p></sec></body><back><ack><title>Acknowledgments:</title><p>The members of the Medical and Experimental Mycology Unit, Corporaci&#x000f3;n para Investigaciones Biol&#x000f3;gicas (CIB) express their appreciation to the following persons and institutions: the Universidad Antonio Nari&#x000f1;o, Quind&#x000ed;o, Colombia, the Research Unit in Proteomics and Human Mycosis, Infectious Diseases Group, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogot&#x000e1;, Colombia, the SAS Reference Medical Laboratory, the Committee for the Development of Investigation (CODI), University of Antioquia, Medell&#x000ed;n, Colombia, and to Mr Mark Mezzullo and Dr Angela Restrepo for editing of the manuscript.</p></ack><fn-group><fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn3"><p><bold>Funding:</bold> Universidad Antonio Nari&#x000f1;o, Quind&#x000ed;o, Colombia and Corporaci&#x000f3;n para Investigaciones Biol&#x000f3;gicas (CIB), Medellin, Colombia</p></fn></fn-group><ref-list><title>References </title><ref id="B1"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>McCarty</surname><given-names>TP</given-names></name><name><surname>Pappas</surname><given-names>PG</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Invasive candidiasis</article-title><source>Infect Dis Clin North Am</source><year>2016</year><volume>30</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>103</fpage><lpage>124</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26739610</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2</label><element-citation 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Original</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>An&#x000e1;lisis de concordancia de diferentes metodolog&#x000ed;as para la identificaci&#x000f3;n de aislamientos orales de especies de <italic>Candida</italic></article-title></title-group><author-notes><fn fn-type="COI-statement" id="fn4"><p><bold>Conflicto de intereses:</bold> Los autores no informan posibles conflictos de inter&#x000e9;s. Los hallazgos y las conclusiones de este estudio pertenecen a los autores y no representan necesariamente la posici&#x000f3;n oficial de los Centros para el Control y la Prevenci&#x000f3;n de Enfermedades.</p></fn></author-notes></front-stub><body><sec><title>Introducci&#x000f3;n</title><p>Los hongos del g&#x000e9;nero <italic>Candida</italic> son un grupo de levaduras ubicuas y con caracter&#x000ed;sticas muy diversas. Una de las especies m&#x000e1;s conocida es <italic>Candida albicans</italic> ya que es la principal especie relacionada en la mayor&#x000ed;a de infecciones causadas por levaduras, sin embargo, actualmente se ha observado un incremento de las infecciones causadas por especies diferentes, anteriormente menos comunes, pero que hoy en d&#x000ed;a han adquirido mayor importancia, ya que algunas presentan perfiles de sensibilidad disminuida y resistencia a los antimic&#x000f3;ticos de uso habitual, en especial a los azoles y equinocandinas <xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr"><sup>1</sup></xref>. Con base en lo anterior, la correcta identificaci&#x000f3;n de levaduras del g&#x000e9;nero <italic>Candida</italic> es uno de los retos m&#x000e1;s grandes existentes en la actualidad, en especial, porque esto pudiera retrasar la instauraci&#x000f3;n de un adecuado tratamiento en el paciente, particularmente, en el manejo de las infecciones f&#x000fa;ngicas invasoras. Para esto, se hace necesario contar con pruebas que sean r&#x000e1;pidas y precisas para la identificaci&#x000f3;n oportuna de levaduras de inter&#x000e9;s cl&#x000ed;nico <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr"><sup>2</sup></xref>. </p><p>Actualmente, existen diversas metodolog&#x000ed;as para la identificaci&#x000f3;n de levaduras, algunas emplean medios cromog&#x000e9;nicos como el CHROMagar<sup>TM</sup>
<italic>Candida</italic> que permiten tener una identificaci&#x000f3;n presuntiva de una manera r&#x000e1;pida, logrando identificar especies de importancia cl&#x000ed;nica como <italic>C. albicans</italic>, <italic>C. tropicalis</italic> y <italic>C. krusei</italic>, sin embargo, muchos autores resaltan la importancia de complementar esta identificaci&#x000f3;n con otras pruebas fenot&#x000ed;picas que permitan la confirmaci&#x000f3;n a especie <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr"><sup>3</sup></xref>. De igual manera, existen sistemas comerciales como el API&#x000ae; 20 C AUX o el sistema Vitek&#x000ae; 2 Compact utilizados para la identificaci&#x000f3;n de estas levaduras, los cuales est&#x000e1;n basados en pruebas bioqu&#x000ed;micas. Tienen la desventaja que pueden proporcionar identificaciones err&#x000f3;neas por la falta de experiencia del laboratorista al interpretar los resultados y, con alguna frecuencia estos sistemas no son capaces de diferenciar especies con perfiles bioqu&#x000ed;micos similares y existe la limitante de la inclusi&#x000f3;n oportuna de especies emergentes en sus bases de datos <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr"><sup>4</sup></xref>. La espectrometr&#x000ed;a de masas, basada en la metodolog&#x000ed;a MALDI TOF (de sus siglas del ingl&#x000e9;s: <italic>matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight</italic>), ha surgido como un m&#x000e9;todo valioso para la identificaci&#x000f3;n de microorganismos en general, y con un buen desempe&#x000f1;o para la identificaci&#x000f3;n de levaduras, por su rapidez, precisi&#x000f3;n y bajo precio de venta de servicio <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr"><sup>6</sup></xref>. Por tales motivos, esta tecnolog&#x000ed;a ha comenzado a emplearse con mayor frecuencia en nuestro medio, siendo los sistemas comerciales Microflex&#x000ae; (Bruker Daltonics GMBH, Leipzig, Alemania) y Vitek&#x000ae; MS (bioM&#x000e9;rieux, Marcy, L&#x02019;Etoile, Francia) los m&#x000e1;s populares <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr"><sup>7</sup></xref>. </p><p>Otras de las metodolog&#x000ed;as utilizadas son las t&#x000e9;cnicas moleculares basadas en la secuenciaci&#x000f3;n de &#x000e1;cidos nucl&#x000e9;icos, las cuales han sido empleadas como m&#x000e9;todo de referencia para hacer comparaciones frente a otras pruebas de identificaci&#x000f3;n debido a que proporcionan una identificaci&#x000f3;n m&#x000e1;s precisa <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr"><sup>9</sup></xref>. Adicionalmente, las t&#x000e9;cnicas de secuenciaci&#x000f3;n permiten identificar especies cr&#x000ed;pticas como <italic>C. metapsilosis</italic>, <italic>C. orthopsilosis</italic>, <italic>C. nivariensis</italic>, <italic>C. bracarensis</italic>, que exhiben frecuentemente resistencia a los antif&#x000fa;ngicos que com&#x000fa;nmente son empleados contra estos pat&#x000f3;genos <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr"><sup>9</sup></xref>. La PCR panfungal y secuenciaci&#x000f3;n tiene como limitante la complejidad para ser implementadas en un laboratorio ya que requiere espacios f&#x000ed;sicos, equipamiento especial y personal altamente entrenado <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr"><sup>10</sup></xref>. </p><p>Con todo lo expuesto anteriormente, y teniendo en cuenta que son escasos los estudios que analizan la concordancia de los m&#x000e9;todos empleados para la identificaci&#x000f3;n de levaduras y la importancia m&#x000e9;dica que tiene conocer los agentes causales de las diferentes infecciones causadas por <italic>Candida</italic> spp, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la concordancia entre cinco diferentes m&#x000e9;todos, tanto convencionales como moleculares y de espectrometr&#x000ed;a de masas, empleados para la identificaci&#x000f3;n de levaduras del g&#x000e9;nero <italic>Candida.</italic></p></sec><sec><title>Materiales y M&#x000e9;todos </title><sec><title>Poblaci&#x000f3;n y sitio de estudio</title><p>Se incluyeron muestras de enjuague bucal que se obtuvieron a partir de 98 individuos adultos sanos durante el a&#x000f1;o 2014 que asistieron a las cl&#x000ed;nicas odontol&#x000f3;gicas de la Universidad Antonio Nari&#x000f1;o, ubicadas en 9 ciudades colombianas (Armenia, Bogot&#x000e1;, Bucaramanga, C&#x000fa;cuta, Ibagu&#x000e9;, Neiva, Palmira, Popay&#x000e1;n y Villavicencio). Estos individuos no ten&#x000ed;an enfermedad sist&#x000e9;mica conocida aunque, algunos ten&#x000ed;an procesos patol&#x000f3;gicos localizados que no produjeron alteraci&#x000f3;n sist&#x000e9;mica.</p><p>Las muestras provenientes de pacientes con enfermedad sist&#x000e9;mica y de aquellos que estuvieron recibiendo tratamiento farmacol&#x000f3;gico con antibi&#x000f3;ticos, antif&#x000fa;ngicos o corticoesteroides en los &#x000fa;ltimos 6 meses se excluyeron de los an&#x000e1;lisis.</p></sec><sec><title>Aislamientos</title><p>Los enjuagues bucales se remitieron de manera inmediata al Laboratorio de la Unidad de Micolog&#x000ed;a M&#x000e9;dica y Experimental de la Corporaci&#x000f3;n para Investigaciones Biol&#x000f3;gicas (CIB) en Medell&#x000ed;n, Colombia. Las muestras se sembraron en agar Sabouraud Dextrosa&#x02122; con antibi&#x000f3;ticos (BD&#x02122;, referencia 210950) <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr"><sup>11</sup></xref> y en medio CHROMagar<sup>TM</sup>
<italic>Candida</italic> (CHOMagar Microbiology, Paris, Francia) <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr"><sup>12</sup></xref>, lo que permiti&#x000f3; verificar desde los cultivos primarios, la posibilidad de tener infecciones mixtas por varias especies de <italic>Candida</italic>. Los cultivos fueron incubados a 25&#x000b0; C por 20 d&#x000ed;as, con lecturas semanales para evaluar la positividad de los mismos. Los aislamientos recuperados (n= 67) fueron almacenados en agua destilada est&#x000e9;ril a 4&#x000b0; C y en medio de congelaci&#x000f3;n en leche &#x0201c;Skim milk&#x0201d; (BD&#x02122;, referencia 232100) a -20&#x000b0; C. </p></sec><sec><title>Identificaci&#x000f3;n de las levaduras</title><p>La identificaci&#x000f3;n del g&#x000e9;nero y la especie de los aislamientos fue realizada utilizando las siguientes metodolog&#x000ed;as: 1) CHROMagar<sup>TM</sup>
<italic>Candida</italic> (CHOMagar Microbiology, Par&#x000ed;s, Francia). 2) API&#x000ae; 20 C AUX (bioM&#x000e9;rieux, Marcy, L&#x02019;Etoile, Francia). 3) Sistema automatizado Vitek&#x000ae; 2 Compact (bioM&#x000e9;rieux, Inc., Hazelwood, MO, USA). 4) y 5) Espectrometr&#x000ed;a de masas basada en la t&#x000e9;cnica de MALDI TOF MS (desorci&#x000f3;n/ionizaci&#x000f3;n l&#x000e1;ser asistida por matriz) en los equipos Vitek&#x000ae; MS (bioM&#x000e9;rieux, Marcy, L&#x02019;Etoile, Francia) y Microflex&#x000ae; (Bruker Daltonics GMBH, Leipzig, Alemania). 6) Reacci&#x000f3;n en Cadena de Polimerasa (PCR) Panfungal y secuenciaci&#x000f3;n.</p><sec><title>Metodolog&#x000ed;as empleadas para la identificaci&#x000f3;n de las levaduras</title><p>1. CHROMagar<sup>TM</sup>
<italic>Candida</italic>: Despu&#x000e9;s del crecimiento en este medio se verific&#x000f3; el color de cada una de las colonias para clasificarlas de acuerdo a las siguientes caracter&#x000ed;sticas: las colonias del complejo <italic>C. albicans/dubliniensis</italic> presentaron un color de verde claro a mediano, las de <italic>C. tropicalis</italic>, de azul verdoso a azul met&#x000e1;lico y las dem&#x000e1;s especies presentaron un color de rosado p&#x000e1;lido o lila claro a oscuro, o bien su color crema natural en este medio <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr"><sup>13</sup></xref>.</p><p>2. API&#x000ae; 20 C AUX: La prueba se realiz&#x000f3; siguiendo las recomendaciones del fabricante (bioM&#x000e9;rieux, Marcy, L&#x02019;Etoile, Francia) <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr"><sup>14</sup></xref>. Desp&#x000fa;&#x000e9;s del per&#x000ed;odo de incubaci&#x000f3;n (48 horas a 25&#x000b0; C) los paneles se inspeccionaron visualmente. El perfil num&#x000e9;rico obtenido para cada aislamiento se interpret&#x000f3; utilizando el software Api<italic>web</italic>
<sup>TM</sup> (bioM&#x000e9;rieux, referencia: 40 011).</p><p>3. Vitek&#x000ae; 2 Compact: el in&#x000f3;culo de trabajo fue preparado en 3 mL de soluci&#x000f3;n salina al 0,45% a partir de un cultivo puro de no m&#x000e1;s de 24 h de crecimiento. La suspensi&#x000f3;n se ajust&#x000f3; a una escala de turbidez de McFarland entre 1,8 - 2,2, empleando el equipo DensiCheck&#x000ae;. El in&#x000f3;culo final fue dispensado autom&#x000e1;ticamente en las tarjetas de identificaci&#x000f3;n del kit (YST, referencia: 21343), y se incub&#x000f3; utilizando el equipo Vitek&#x000ae; 2 Compact (bioM&#x000e9;rieux, Durham, NC). La identificaci&#x000f3;n final fue clasificada de la siguiente manera: &#x0201c;excelente&#x0201d;, &#x0201c;muy bueno&#x0201d;, &#x0201c;bueno&#x0201d;, &#x0201c;aceptable&#x0201d; o &#x0201c;con baja discriminaci&#x000f3;n&#x0201d;, seg&#x000fa;n el nivel de confianza y el porcentaje de discriminaci&#x000f3;n para cada identificaci&#x000f3;n proporcionada por el software del equipo <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr"><sup>15</sup></xref>. </p><p>4. MALDI TOF: Se realiz&#x000f3; utilizando dos plataformas comerciales en los equipos Vitek&#x000ae; MS (bioM&#x000e9;rieux, Marcy, L&#x02019;Etoile, Francia) y Microflex&#x000ae; (Bruker Daltonics GMBH, Leipzig, Alemania). Los detalles metodol&#x000f3;gicos de cada m&#x000e9;todo comercial se describen a continuaci&#x000f3;n: </p><p>4.1 Vitek&#x000ae; MS<italic>:</italic> Una sola colonia pura (crecimiento entre 24-72 h) se deposit&#x000f3; en un solo pocillo de la placa del Vitek&#x000ae; MS. Las c&#x000e9;lulas se lisaron con 0,5 &#x003bc;L de &#x000e1;cido f&#x000f3;rmico al 25% (Referencia: 411072) y se dejar&#x000f3;n secar a temperatura ambiente (1-2 min). Despu&#x000e9;s del secado, se adicion&#x000f3; 1 &#x003bc;L de la matriz CHCA (bioM&#x000e9;rieux, Marcy, L&#x02019;Etoile, Francia, Referencia: 411071). Las pruebas se realizaron despu&#x000e9;s de que la mezcla final estaba completamente seca. El listado de picos resultantes de la adquisici&#x000f3;n se analiz&#x000f3; utilizando el servidor MS-ID, en el que se compararon los picos de la muestra con los espectros contenidos en la base de datos MS-ID (CE/IVD) incluido en Myla<sup>TM (</sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr"><sup>16</sup></xref>. </p><p>4.2 Microflex&#x000ae;: Partiendo de cultivos con no m&#x000e1;s de 24 h de crecimiento a 37&#x000ba; C, se realiz&#x000f3; la identificaci&#x000f3;n mediante la metodolog&#x000ed;a de transferencia con extracci&#x000f3;n directa extendida en placa o mediante extracci&#x000f3;n con &#x000e1;cido f&#x000f3;rmico. Para la extracci&#x000f3;n directa, se tom&#x000f3; una sola colonia y se realiz&#x000f3; una capa muy delgada del microorganismo en la placa de acero MALDI, se dej&#x000f3; secar a temperatura ambiente, se adicion&#x000f3; 1 &#x003bc;L de &#x000e1;cido f&#x000f3;rmico al 100% y se cubri&#x000f3; con 1 &#x003bc;L de matriz HCAA (&#x003b1;-cyano-4 hydroxycinnamic acid - HCCA) dejando secar a temperatura ambiente. Para aquellas cepas que presentaron un <italic>score</italic> bajo en la identificaci&#x000f3;n, o en las cuales no fue posible una identificaci&#x000f3;n, se les realiz&#x000f3; extracci&#x000f3;n con &#x000e1;cido f&#x000f3;rmico, la cual se hizo siguiendo las instrucciones del fabricante (Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Bremen, Alemania) con algunas modificaciones. Cada muestra fue servida por duplicado con el fin de verificar la reproducibilidad. Los perfiles fueron visualizados con el software FlexControl (versi&#x000f3;n 3.0) y el MALDI Biotyper RTC <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr"><sup>17</sup></xref>. </p><p>5. PCR Panfungal y secuenciaci&#x000f3;n: La regi&#x000f3;n D1/D2 de la subunidad del complejo de genes rRNA 28S se amplific&#x000f3; siguiendo directrices internacionales para la identificaci&#x000f3;n molecular de hongos <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr"><sup>18</sup></xref>. Tambi&#x000e9;n se amplific&#x000f3; la regi&#x000f3;n ITS 1-4 (Internal Transcribed Spacer) para la identificaci&#x000f3;n de especies cr&#x000ed;pticas en aislamientos de <italic>Candida parapsilosis</italic> y <italic>Candida glabrata</italic>
<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr"><sup>13</sup></xref>. El DNA gen&#x000f3;mico se extrajo de colonias aisladas cultivadas en agar Sabouraud usando el mini kit QIAamp DNA (QIAGEN, Germantown, MD), siguiendo las recomendaciones del fabricante. Los marcadores moleculares fueron amplificados utilizando los cebadores y protocolos previamente descritos para las regiones D1/D2 y la ITS 1-4 <sup>(19, 20)</sup>.</p><p>Los productos amplificados de la regi&#x000f3;n D1/D2 (~ 600 pb) y de la regi&#x000f3;n ITS 1-4 (600 - 900 pb) fueron enviados a Macrogen (Maryland, EE.UU.) para la secuenciaci&#x000f3;n bidireccional de Sanger. El software Sequencher 5.0 (Gene Code Corporation) se us&#x000f3; para editar y alinear las secuencias. Se realiz&#x000f3; una b&#x000fa;squeda para establecer similitud/homolog&#x000ed;a en dos bases de datos: el NCBI (BLAST) (Centro Nacional de Informaci&#x000f3;n de Biotecnolog&#x000ed;a, Washington, DC) y el CBS-KNAW (Centro de Diversidad F&#x000fa;ngica).</p></sec></sec><sec><title>Dise&#x000f1;o metodol&#x000f3;gico y an&#x000e1;lisis estad&#x000ed;stico</title><p>Las variables analizadas en este trabajo fueron resumidas mediante el c&#x000e1;lculo de frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Los diferentes m&#x000e9;todos para la identificaci&#x000f3;n de levaduras evaluados fueron comparados mediante un an&#x000e1;lisis de concordancia, con el c&#x000e1;lculo del &#x000ed;ndice de Kappa ponderado (Kp) y sus respectivos intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC 95%). El an&#x000e1;lisis de concordancia fue realizado de dos formas: la primera fue reagrupando los resultados de los m&#x000e9;todos API&#x000ae; 20 C AUX&#x0201a; Vitek&#x000ae; 2 Compact&#x0201a; Vitek&#x000ae; MS y Microflex&#x000ae; y PCR Panfungal y secuenciaci&#x000f3;n en las siguientes tres categor&#x000ed;as de resultados: <italic>C. albicans/dubliniensis</italic>, <italic>C. tropicalis</italic> y <italic>Candida</italic> diferente a <italic>Candida albicans/dubliniensis/tropicalis</italic>, lo anterior se hizo con el objetivo de comparar las metodolog&#x000ed;as de identificaci&#x000f3;n con el m&#x000e9;todo de tamizaje CHROMagar<sup>TM</sup>
<italic>Candida</italic>. El segundo an&#x000e1;lisis compar&#x000f3; los resultados finales de los m&#x000e9;todos API&#x000ae; 20 C AUX&#x0201a; Vitek&#x000ae; 2 Compact&#x0201a; Vitek&#x000ae; MS y Microflex&#x000ae; y PCR panfungal y secuenciaci&#x000f3;n, donde se tom&#x000f3; como m&#x000e9;todo de referencia la PCR panfungal y secuenciaci&#x000f3;n. Adicionalmente, fue realizado un an&#x000e1;lisis local de costos y tiempos necesario para el reporte de resultados, en el cual se analizaron las variables de precio de venta del servicio al p&#x000fa;blico y el tiempo de procesamiento de la prueba para la entrega de resultados (excluyendo los tiempos de la fase pre-anal&#x000ed;tica y pos-anal&#x000ed;tica), la informaci&#x000f3;n analizada fue recolectada mediante contacto telef&#x000f3;nico o v&#x000ed;a correo electr&#x000f3;nico con las diferentes instituciones que realizan alguna de estas metodolog&#x000ed;as en la ciudad de Medell&#x000ed;n, Colombia. La interpretaci&#x000f3;n se realiz&#x000f3; mediante el an&#x000e1;lisis gr&#x000e1;fico de las dos variables (costos y tiempo). Los an&#x000e1;lisis estad&#x000ed;sticos fueron realizados utilizando el paquete estad&#x000ed;stico STATA 8.0&#x000ae; y los gr&#x000e1;ficos mediante el Software Microsoft Excel 2010&#x000ae;.</p></sec><sec><title>Responsabilidades &#x000e9;ticas</title><p>El protocolo fue aprobado por los comit&#x000e9;s de &#x000e9;tica de la Universidad Antonio Nari&#x000f1;o, Armenia-Quind&#x000ed;o, Colombia. </p></sec></sec><sec><title>Resultados</title><p>Sesenta y siete aislamientos del g&#x000e9;nero <italic>Candida spp</italic> recuperados a partir de 98 enjuagues bucales fueron analizadas en el laboratorio (68% de positividad). Al realizar el an&#x000e1;lisis inicial utilizando el medio CHROMagar<sup>TM</sup>
<italic>Candida</italic>, los 67 aislamientos se clasificaron como: 39 (58%) aislamientos de <italic>C. albicans/dubliniensis</italic>, 4 (6%) aislamientos de <italic>C. tropicalis</italic> y 24 (36%) aislamientos como <italic>Candida</italic> diferente a <italic>Candida albicans</italic>/<italic>dubliniensis</italic>/<italic>tropicalis</italic>. El primer an&#x000e1;lisis de concordancia comparando el CHROMagar<sup>TM</sup>
<italic>Candida</italic> con las otras cinco metodolog&#x000ed;as (resultados reagrupados), arrojaron los siguientes resultados del Kappa ponderado (Kp): vs API&#x000ae; 20 C AUX = 1.00 (IC 95% = 1.00 - 1.00); vs Vitek&#x000ae; 2 Compact = 0.87 (IC 95% = 0.75 - 0.96); vs Vitek&#x000ae; MS = 0.92 (IC 95% = 0.80 - 0.99); vs Microflex&#x000ae; = 0.97 (IC 95% = 0.94 - 1.00) y vs la PCR panfungal y secuenciaci&#x000f3;n = 0.98 (IC 95% = 0.95 - 1.00).</p><p>Al analizar los resultados teniendo en cuenta cada una de las metodolog&#x000ed;as utilizadas para la identificaci&#x000f3;n de levaduras (excepto el CHROMagar<sup>TM</sup>
<italic>Candida</italic>), se observ&#x000f3; que la PCR panfungal y secuenciaci&#x000f3;n, fue el m&#x000e9;todo que logr&#x000f3; diferenciar el mayor n&#x000fa;mero de especies (n=12). Los m&#x000e9;todos basados en espectometria de masas, Vitek&#x000ae; MS y Microflex&#x000ae;, identificaron nueve especies diferentes de <italic>Candida</italic> y finalmente, los m&#x000e9;todos bioqu&#x000ed;micos API&#x000ae; 20 C AUX y Vitek&#x000ae; 2 Compact, lograron identificar ocho especies diferentes de <italic>Candida</italic> cada uno. La descripci&#x000f3;n de las especies identificadas por metodolog&#x000ed;a, se resumen en la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>.</p><p>
<fig id="f4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figura 1</label><caption><title>Distribuci&#x000f3;n de las especies de levaduras clasificadas seg&#x000fa;n el m&#x000e9;todo de identificaci&#x000f3;n</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="1657-9534-cm-49-03-00193-gf4"/></fig>
</p><p>El segundo estudio de concordancia mostr&#x000f3; una concordancia alta entre los resultados obtenidos con los m&#x000e9;todos PCR panfungal y secuenciaci&#x000f3;n, Vitek&#x000ae; MS, Microflex&#x000ae; y API&#x000ae; 20 C AUX, concordancias agrupadas en las categor&#x000ed;as buena y muy buena. Los Kp que involucraron el m&#x000e9;todo Vitek&#x000ae; 2 Compact, presentaron concordancias moderadas o buenas frente a los otros m&#x000e9;todos (PCR panfungal y secuenciaci&#x000f3;n, Vitek&#x000ae; MS, Microflex&#x000ae; y API&#x000ae; 20 C AUX). El an&#x000e1;lisis de las concordancias y discordancias comparando todos los m&#x000e9;todos se encuentran resumidas en la <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabla 1</xref>. Los valores de Kp observados y sus respectivos IC del 95%, se encuentran resumidos en la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>. </p><p>
<table-wrap id="t2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Tabla 1</label><caption><title>Comparaci&#x000f3;n de concordancias y discordancias de los m&#x000e9;todos API&#x000ae; 20 C AUX, Vitek&#x000ae; 2 Compact, Vitek&#x000ae; MS y Microflex&#x000ae; con el m&#x000e9;todo de referencia PCR panfungal y secuenciaci&#x000f3;n.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col span="1"/><col span="1"/><col span="2"/><col span="2"/><col span="2"/><col span="2"/></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">&#x000a0;</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> M&#x000e9;todo de referencia </th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">API&#x000ae; 20 C AUX</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Vitek<sup><bold>&#x000ae;</bold></sup> 2 Compact</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Vitek<sup><bold>&#x000ae;</bold></sup> MS</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Microflex<sup><bold>&#x000ae;</bold></sup>
</th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>&#x000a0;</italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> PCR panfungal y secuenciaci&#x000f3;n (n)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C (n)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D (n)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C (n)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D (n)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C (n)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D (n)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C (n)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D (n)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. albicans</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. parapsilosis</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. dubliniensis</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. glabrata</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. tropicalis</italic>
</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. intermedia</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. guilliermondii</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. lusitaniae</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. haemulonii</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. lipolytica</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. fermentati</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pichia kluyveri</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Total</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN4"><p>n: n&#x000fa;mero </p></fn><fn id="TFN5"><p>C: concordancias, </p></fn><fn id="TFN6"><p>D: discrepancias</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap>
</p><p>
<fig id="f5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figura 2</label><caption><title>An&#x000e1;lisis de concordancia de cinco metodolog&#x000ed;as para la identificaci&#x000f3;n de aislamientos orales de especies de <italic>Candida</italic>.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="1657-9534-cm-49-03-00193-gf5"/></fig>
</p><p>Para corroborar que los m&#x000e9;todos anteriores no dejaron de detectar especies de los complejos <italic>Candida parapsilosis</italic> y <italic>Candida glabrata</italic>, se complement&#x000f3; con una PCR y secuenciaci&#x000f3;n de la regi&#x000f3;n ITS 1-4, determinando que, en los complejos de <italic>Candida parapsilosis</italic> (n=12) y <italic>Candida glabrata</italic> (n=4), no se identificaron especies cr&#x000ed;pticas. </p><p>El an&#x000e1;lisis de costos y tiempo de procesamiento de la pruebas para generar resultados, demostr&#x000f3; que los m&#x000e9;todos basados en la tecnolog&#x000ed;a MALDI TOF (Microflex&#x000ae; y Vitek&#x000ae; MS) requirieron menos tiempo para la generaci&#x000f3;n de resultados (4 minutos), adem&#x000e1;s, el m&#x000e9;todo Microflex&#x000ae; present&#x000f3; menor valor comercial (13 D&#x000f3;lares Americanos). La PCR panfungal y secuenciaci&#x000f3;n, fue el m&#x000e9;todo que requiri&#x000f3; m&#x000e1;s tiempo para la entrega de resultados (3 d&#x000ed;as) y present&#x000f3; el mayor valor comercial (86 USD). El an&#x000e1;lisis que compara las metodolog&#x000ed;as diagn&#x000f3;sticas con base en los costos comerciales y el tiempo de procesamiento hasta la obtenci&#x000f3;n de resultados, se resume en la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>. </p><p>
<fig id="f6" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figura 3</label><caption><title>A Resultados del an&#x000e1;lisis del costo/tiempo de respuesta. USD: D&#x000f3;lares Americanos. An&#x000e1;lisis del tiempo de respuesta: esta variable excluye retrasos eventuales dentro de la fase pre-anal&#x000ed;tica y pos-anal&#x000ed;tica.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="1657-9534-cm-49-03-00193-gf6"/></fig>
</p></sec><sec><title>Discusi&#x000f3;n</title><p>Este estudio evalu&#x000f3; cinco metodolog&#x000ed;as diferentes para la identificaci&#x000f3;n de aislamientos cl&#x000ed;nicos del g&#x000e9;nero <italic>Candida</italic> obtenidos de enjuagues bucales. En general, observamos una buena concordancia entre CHROMagar &#x02122; <italic>Candida</italic> y las otras cinco metodolog&#x000ed;as evaluadas en este estudio. El m&#x000e9;todo Vitek&#x000ae; 2 Compact tuvo la concordancia m&#x000e1;s baja y la mayor fue observada con el API&#x000ae; 20 C AUX. Es importante mencionar que el uso de CHROMagar &#x02122; <italic>Candida</italic> permite la identificaci&#x000f3;n de la presencia de m&#x000fa;ltiples especies en la misma muestra cl&#x000ed;nica y proporciona una identificaci&#x000f3;n presuntiva de las especies de <italic>Candida</italic> asociadas <xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr"><sup>22</sup></xref>.</p><p>La mayor&#x000ed;a de los cinco m&#x000e9;todos analizados demostraron concordancias altas agrupadas en las categor&#x000ed;as buena y muy buena. Estudios previos han demostrado que los m&#x000e9;todos fenot&#x000ed;picos, basados en pruebas bioqu&#x000ed;micas como el API&#x000ae; 20 C AUX y el sistema Vitek&#x000ae; 2 Compact, son los m&#x000e1;s empleados en los laboratorios cl&#x000ed;nicos <xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr"><sup>23</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr"><sup>24</sup></xref>. En este trabajo se observ&#x000f3; que estos dos m&#x000e9;todos fueron los que presentaron menor capacidad para diferenciar especies del g&#x000e9;nero <italic>Candida</italic> y tambi&#x000e9;n presentaron menores valores de Kp, en especial, cuando se compar&#x000f3; el m&#x000e9;todo Vitek&#x000ae; 2 Compact con las otras metodolog&#x000ed;as evaluadas. Otros autores han reportado que estos m&#x000e9;todos pueden presentar discrepancias para identificar especies del g&#x000e9;nero <italic>Candida</italic> menos comunes y aquellas especies estrechamente relacionadas <xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr"><sup>23</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr"><sup>25</sup></xref>. Por otra parte, la exactitud de estos m&#x000e9;todos se reduce en gran medida si los laboratorios no realizan las pruebas adicionales requeridas para la identificaci&#x000f3;n de perfiles fenot&#x000ed;picos que ayuden a discernir entre las especies con discriminaciones bajas o que presenten dificultades en la identificaci&#x000f3;n.</p><p>En nuestro estudio se identificaron por PCR panfungal y secuenciaci&#x000f3;n, especies como <italic>Candida fermentati</italic> y <italic>Candida haemulonii,</italic> que son especies emergentes, clasificadas recientemente dentro de complejos de especies que tienen dificultad de identificarse por los m&#x000e9;todos convencionales y cuya identificaci&#x000f3;n se puede convertir en un gran desaf&#x000ed;o cuando estas cepas no han sido incluidas en las bases de datos de los diferentes sistemas de identificaci&#x000f3;n <xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr"><sup>26</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr"><sup>27</sup></xref>. Adem&#x000e1;s, algunas de estas especies emergentes han mostrado una disminuci&#x000f3;n de la sensibilidad a los agentes antif&#x000fa;ngicos, y en consecuencia, esto aumenta la dificultad en el tratamiento de los pacientes con infecciones invasivas por <italic>Candida</italic>. <xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr"><sup>26</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr"><sup>28</sup></xref>. En nuestro trabajo, ninguna de las metodolog&#x000ed;as analizadas, con excepci&#x000f3;n de la PCR panfungal y secuenciaci&#x000f3;n, tuvo la capacidad de diferenciar las especies de <italic>Candida lipolytica</italic> (n= 1), <italic>Candida fermentati</italic> (n= 1) y <italic>Pichia kluyveri</italic> (n= 1), especies que si bien han sido reportadas principalmente para el uso a nivel industrial, tambi&#x000e9;n tienen la capacidad de comportarse como verdaderos pat&#x000f3;genos en humanos de acuerdo con las condiciones del hospedero <xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr"><sup>26</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr"><sup>29</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr"><sup>32</sup></xref>. </p><p>Las metodolog&#x000ed;as basadas en MALDI TOF (Microflex&#x000ae; y Vitek&#x000ae; MS) presentaron una alta concordancia en comparaci&#x000f3;n con el m&#x000e9;todo de referencia, PCR panfungal y secuenciaci&#x000f3;n. El an&#x000e1;lisis de concordancia entre estas dos tecnolog&#x000ed;as mostraron una concordancia muy buena, debido a que ambos sistemas fueron capaces de identificar el mismo n&#x000fa;mero de especies pero no todas correspondieron a las mismas especies, ya que se obtuvieron incongruencias en las identificaciones en 6 de los 67 aislamientos analizados. Existen varias plataformas de MALDI TOF, las cuales presentan diferencias que van a depender de las bibliotecas de espectros de masas y de los algoritmos de identificaci&#x000f3;n que tenga cada casa comercial <xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr"><sup>33</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr"><sup>34</sup></xref>. En nuestro estudio el Microflex&#x000ae; fue capaz de identificar todos los aislamientos a nivel de especie. Cuando se emple&#x000f3; el espect&#x000f3;metro Vitek&#x000ae; MS, se observaron tres discordancias mayores (esta plataforma no fue capaz de determinar la identificaci&#x000f3;n final a nivel de especie en tres aislamientos), cuando se compar&#x000f3; con el m&#x000e9;todo de referencia, lo cual afecto su valor de Kp. Muchos estudios han permitido determinar que estas t&#x000e9;cnicas son m&#x000e1;s r&#x000e1;pidas y m&#x000e1;s precisas en la identificaci&#x000f3;n de las diferentes levaduras a partir de cultivos, lo que tiene una alta relevancia a nivel de tiempo y costos de procesamiento <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr"><sup>35</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr"><sup>36</sup></xref>. </p><p>La ventaja de la PCR panfungal y secuenciaci&#x000f3;n radica en que esta t&#x000e9;cnica permite identificar especies cr&#x000ed;pticas o complejos de especies, pero se recomienda combinar la amplificaci&#x000f3;n de la regi&#x000f3;n D1/D2 con otros blancos en la regi&#x000f3;n ITS <xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr"><sup>24</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr"><sup>26</sup></xref>. En este trabajo, aunque no se observ&#x000f3; la presencia de especies cr&#x000ed;pticas de <italic>Candida parapsilosis</italic> y <italic>Candida glabrata</italic>, es importante tener en cuenta la importancia de emplear metodolog&#x000ed;as que sean capaces de detectarlas, debido principalmente a la emergencia de especies con perfiles de sensibilidad de dif&#x000ed;cil manejo <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr"><sup>37</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref rid="B38" ref-type="bibr"><sup>38</sup></xref>. Adem&#x000e1;s, ser&#x000ed;a la mejor opci&#x000f3;n, a pesar de su costo, para aquellas identificaciones que por otras metodolog&#x000ed;as generen identificaciones dudosas o con bajas discriminaciones. </p><p>Al realizar el an&#x000e1;lisis referente a los costos y al tiempo para la generaci&#x000f3;n de resultados a nivel local, se pudo determinar que los m&#x000e9;todos basados en la tecnolog&#x000ed;a MALDI TOF (Microflex y Vitek&#x000ae; MS) fueron los que ofrecieron menores tiempos para la identificaci&#x000f3;n de levaduras, como ha sido reportado en estudios previos, y al comparar esta metodolog&#x000ed;a con los m&#x000e9;todos convencionales, nuestros resultados reflejaron un costo muy razonable y competitivo en nuestro medio comparado con las dem&#x000e1;s t&#x000e9;cnicas <xref rid="B39" ref-type="bibr"><sup>39</sup></xref>. Cabe resaltar que esta tecnolog&#x000ed;a permite resultados precisos, superando a las t&#x000e9;cnicas de identificaci&#x000f3;n convencionales <xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr"><sup>40</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr"><sup>41</sup></xref>. Esta tecnolog&#x000ed;a ha demostrado un gran potencial para una identificaci&#x000f3;n r&#x000e1;pida y precisa, y este hallazgo demuestra la necesidad de hacer que sus metodolog&#x000ed;as est&#x000e9;n m&#x000e1;s disponibles.</p><p>Es importante mencionar que pueden ocurrir retrasos en la generaci&#x000f3;n de resultados, debido a factores que no son inherentes al proceso, sino que dependen en gran parte de factores externos, como el d&#x000ed;a que llegue el aislamiento para su proceso, la viabilidad de los aislamientos, el requerimiento o no de un paso adicional de extracci&#x000f3;n, los d&#x000ed;as designados para el procesamiento de muestras, la disponibilidad de personal del laboratorio o el tiempo de respuesta para el an&#x000e1;lisis de las secuencias. Cambios en algunos de estos factores y conductas pueden marcar una gran diferencia a la hora de la entrega de un resultado oportuno y ayudar&#x000ed;an a generar cambios a nivel de los laboratorios para mejorar los diferentes procesos.</p><p>El presente estudio se limit&#x000f3; a evaluar especies de <italic>Candida</italic> aisladas de mucosa oral y aunque se pudo evidenciar una gran variedad de especies identificadas entre los diferentes m&#x000e9;todos, ser&#x000ed;a pertinente para futuras investigaciones realizar la misma evaluaci&#x000f3;n de m&#x000e9;todos en otras muestras cl&#x000ed;nicas. Adicionalmente, el an&#x000e1;lisis de costos y tiempos solo fue realizado en la ciudad de Medell&#x000ed;n, Colombia. En Colombia, es limitado el n&#x000fa;mero de laboratorio que ofrecen como servicio diagn&#x000f3;stico m&#x000e9;todos moleculares y por tecnolog&#x000ed;a MALDI TOF, lo cual puede incrementar de forma significativa los costos de estas pruebas, debido principalmente a la exclusividad del servicio.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusi&#x000f3;n</title><p>Es necesario implementar m&#x000e9;todos de identificaci&#x000f3;n que faciliten el acceso a resultados r&#x000e1;pidos y confiables, pero que, a su vez ayuden a optimizar el recurso econ&#x000f3;mico una vez sean implementadas en la rutina diaria. En este trabajo se evidenci&#x000f3; que los sistemas basados en tecnolog&#x000ed;a MALDI TOF, a pesar de ser metodolog&#x000ed;as que inicialmente requer&#x000ed;an una inversi&#x000f3;n econ&#x000f3;mica sustancial, demostraron ser r&#x000e1;pidos, econ&#x000f3;micos (valor comercial de la prueba) y precisos, que se presentan como alternativas prometedoras para la identificaci&#x000f3;n rutinaria de levaduras del g&#x000e9;nero <italic>Candida</italic>. Para aquellos laboratorios que no pueden acceder a pruebas moleculares o de espectrometr&#x000ed;a de masas, el uso de pruebas automatizadas podr&#x000ed;an ser una buena alternativa si el analista del laboratorio sigue las especificaciones proporcionadas por el fabricante y presta especial atenci&#x000f3;n a los resultados que involucran especies poco comunes o caracter&#x000ed;sticas discrepantes en el aislamiento (morfolog&#x000ed;a, patr&#x000f3;n de susceptibilidad y otras claves taxon&#x000f3;micas adicionales).</p></sec></body><back><ack><title>Agradecimientos:</title><p>Los miembros de la Unidad de Micolog&#x000ed;a M&#x000e9;dica y Experimental de la Corporaci&#x000f3;n para Investigaciones Biol&#x000f3;gicas (CIB) expresan su agradecimiento a las siguientes personas e instituciones: la Universidad Antonio Nari&#x000f1;o, Quind&#x000ed;o, Colombia, la Unidad de Investigaci&#x000f3;n en Prote&#x000f3;mica y Micosis Humanas, Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogot&#x000e1;, Colombia, la Universidad de Antioquia, Medell&#x000ed;n, Colombia, al Laboratorio M&#x000e9;dico de Referencia S.A.S, al Comit&#x000e9; para el Desarrollo de la Investigaci&#x000f3;n (CODI), y al Sr.Mark Mezzullo y la Dra. Angela Restrepo por la edici&#x000f3;n del manuscrito.</p></ack></back></sub-article></article>