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Blood cadmium by race/hispanic origin: The role of smoking

Filetype[PDF-605.88 KB]


  • English
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    Details:

    • Alternative Title:
      Environ Res
    • Personal Author:
    • Description:
      Background

      There have been increasing concerns over health effects of low level exposure to cadmium, especially those on bones and kidneys.

      Objective

      To explore how age-adjusted geometric means of blood cadmium in adults varied by race/Hispanic origin, sex, and smoking status among U.S. adults and the extent to which the difference in blood cadmium by race/Hispanic origin and sex may be explained by intensity of smoking, a known major source of cadmium exposure.

      Methods

      Our sample included 7,368 adults from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2014. With direct age adjustment, geometric means of blood cadmium and number of cigarettes smoked per day were estimated for subgroups defined by race/Hispanic origin, smoking status, and sex using interval regression, which allows mean estimation in the presence of left- and right-censoring.

      Results

      Among never and former smoking men and women, blood cadmium tended to be higher for non-Hispanic Asian adults than adults of other race/Hispanic origin. Among current smokers, who generally had higher blood cadmium than never and former smokers, non-Hispanic white, black, and Asian adults had similarly elevated blood cadmium compared to Hispanic adults. A separate analysis revealed that non-Hispanic white adults tended to have the highest smoking intensity regardless of sex, than adults of the other race/Hispanic origin groups.

      Conclusions

      The observed pattern provided evidence for smoking as a major source of cadmium exposure, yet factors other than smoking also appeared to contribute to higher blood cadmium of non-Hispanic Asian adults.

    • Subjects:
    • Source:
      Environ Res. 155:193-198.
    • Pubmed ID:
      28231546
    • Pubmed Central ID:
      PMC5615218
    • Document Type:
      Journal Article
    • Funding:
      CC999999/Intramural CDC HHS/United States
    • Place as Subject:
      United States
    • Collection(s):
    • Main Document Checksum:
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    • File Type:

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