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HIV counseling, testing, and referral standards and guidelines

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    • Corporate Authors:
      Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
    • Description:
      Publicly funded HIV antibody counseling and testing services were initiated in March 1985 to provide an alternative to the donation of blood as a means for high-risk persons to determine their HIV status. At that time, little was known about the prevalence and natural history of HIV infection. Counseling was considered an essential adjunct to HIV testing. The counseling addressed the accuracy and consequences of the test and was designed to help persons interpret the meaning of positive or negative antibody results. HIV counseling was based on the recognition that learning HIV status may be difficult for some clients.

      In 1987, with increased understanding about the scope and severity of the HIV epidemic and the predictive value of a positive test, HIV counseling and testing were expanded. Persons seeking care for sexually transmitted infections, family planning, childbirth, or substance abuse were counseled and tested in an attempt to reduce their risk for HIV transmission. “ The primary public health purposes of counseling and testing are to help uninfected individuals initiate and sustain behavioral changes that reduce their risk of becoming infected and to assist infected individuals in avoiding infecting others.”

      Since that time, public awareness about HIV infection has increased, and the reliability and predictive value of the HIV test have been proven. Investigations have demonstrated the benefit of early antiviral and prophylactic treatment for HIV infected persons. These HIV counseling standards and guidelines are the result of increased knowledge about HIV prevention and experience with HIV counseling. Counseling is a direct, personalized, and client-centered intervention designed to help initiate behavior change to avoid infection or, if already infected, to prevent transmission to others, and to obtain referral to additional medical care, preventive, psychosocial and other needed services in order to remain healthy.

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