In 2002, a disease outbreak occurred in a shy albatross (Thalassarche cauta) colony on Albatross Island, a small island in the Hunter Island Group in northwestern Tasmania, Australia. The disease in the albatrosses was characterized by weight loss and death. Serum samples and ticks (Ixodes eudyptidis) from healthy and affected birds were sent to the CSIRO (the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization) Australian Animal Health Laboratory in Geelong, Victoria, Australia, for diagnostic investigation. Several laboratory tests were conducted to detect potential viral pathogens involved in the disease event.

The ELISA or hemagglutination inhibition assay was used to test serum samples (N = 38) for antibodies against avian influenza virus, infectious bursal disease virus, fowlpox virus, and Newcastle disease virus. Neutralizing antibodies for Newcastle disease virus (titer of 64) were detected in 1 serum sample; otherwise, no antibodies against any of these suspected agents were detected.

Pooled tick homogenates (N = 5) were cultured on chicken embryos, chicken embryo fibroblast and skin cells, and Vero cells. No virus was detected in chicken embryos or in any of the chicken cell lines used. In contrast, cytopathic effect was observed on the third passage in Vero cell cultures inoculated with 2 tick pools (1 collected from diseased birds and the other from healthy birds).

Electron microscopy examination revealed morphologically similar viral particles from both cultures; the morphologic features resembled those of bunyaviruses (Figure 1). However, testing with antibodies against a range of known bunyaviruses (orthobunyavirus, phlebovirus, and nairovirus) did not reveal any cross-reactivity. PCR analysis using bunyavirus-specific primers (10) also failed to detect any specific sequence from this newly isolated virus.

The investigation was put on hold until 2011 when the Australian Animal Health Laboratory established its next-generation sequencing capability. RNA extracted from partially purified virus grown in Vero cells was used for random PCR amplification. The resulting products were used for library preparation and subsequently sequenced by using the 454 GS FLX system (454 Life Sciences, Branford, CT, USA) according to standard protocols (11,12). In total, 6.9 Mb of sequence, consisting of 23,617 reads, was obtained and assembled into 722 contigs.

BLASTN (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi) analysis at the nucleotide level showed no sequence identity to any of the known viruses in GenBank (data not shown). However, a protein-based BLASTX (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi) search yielded 10 contigs showing protein sequence identity to SFTSV and some degree of sequence identity to several other members of the family Bunyaviridae. The virus was tentatively named Hunter Island Group virus (HIGV) after the location where the tick samples were obtained.

On the basis of the partial sequences derived from next-generation sequencing, primers were designed to obtain the rest of the genome sequences by using gap-filling PCR and 5′ and 3′ RACE methods previously developed by our group (13). The complete genome sequences of the large, medium, and small segments have been deposited in GenBank under accession numbers KF848980, KF848981, and KF848982, respectively.

The Table summarizes the genetic and sequence features of the genome segments and deduced proteins of HIGV and several selected phleboviruses. From the sequence comparison, it is evident that HIGV is a new member of the genus Phlebovirus and that it is most closely related to the newly discovered zoonotic members of the genus, SFTSV and HRTV. This finding was further confirmed by phylogenetic analysis based on nucleotide and protein sequences of all 3 genome segments (representative trees shown in Figure 2). Because HIGV was isolated from ticks collected from healthy and diseased birds we believed it was unlikely that the virus was the causative agent for the disease in the shy albatrosses. To further confirm this, we conducted ELISA and Western blot analysis using a recombinant HIGV nucleocapsid protein, which was expressed and purified from Escherichia coli by using previously described methods (14,15). Of the 38 serum samples tested, none produced positive readings in ELISA or Western blot. In addition, none were positive when tested by HIGV-specific quantitative PCR targeting the polymerase gene of the large segment.

We identified a novel tick-borne phlebovirus, HIGV, during the investigation of a disease outbreak among shy albatrosses in Tasmania. Genetic characterization showed that the virus is closely related to 2 newly discovered tick-borne zoonotic phleboviruses (SFTSV and HRTV) that were responsible for severe disease and death in humans in 4 separate countries in Asia and North America. However, with the current data alone, the particular disease event in the shy albatrosses could not be attributed to HIGV.

The findings from this study demonstrate the key role that a vigilant pathogen investigation has in any diagnostic assessment. The study findings also suggests that zoonotic phleboviruses genetically related to SFTSV, HRTV, and HIGV may be widely distributed in different parts of the world and that heightened international surveillance is needed to fully understand and appreciate the public health risk from these emerging viruses.