The Use of Immunochemical and Biosensor Methods for Occupational and Environmental Monitoring. Part I: Introduction to Immunoassays

Details

• Personal Author:
  Ashley, Kevin E. ; Biagini, Raymond E. ; MacKenzie, Barbara A. ; Robertson SK ; Sammons DL ; Smith JP ; Snawder, John E. ; Striley CAF
• Description:
  Immunoassays, especially enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), are commonly used analytical techniques for clinical diagnostic measurements, drug screening, and measurements for evaluating exposure to environmental agents.(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16) ELISAs have been performed directly on diluted biological matrices(1, 2, 3) (blood, urine, saliva, breast milk, etc.), extracts from filters used for air sampling,(4) soil extracts,(5) food extracts,(6, 7) and myriad other varied matrices. The first ELISA, used to quantitatively measure immunoglobulin G (IgG), was described in 1971.(8) EIAs display accuracy comparable to that of traditional lab-based analytical methods, such as gas chromatography (GC). Their low cost, speed, and portability have made them attractive to environmental chemists in a variety of fields.(9) Immunoassays are based on the formation and detection of immune complexes between antigens (Ag) and antibodies (Ab). Antigens are principally macromolecules (e.g., proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids) that can act as complete immunogens able to stimulate an immune response. Other substances too small to act as immunogens on their own (drugs, pesticides, etc) must be coupled to a macromolecular carrier molecule (usually a protein) to become immunogenic and elicit an immune response. These small molecules are called haptens. Many environmental agents (such as pesticides or their metabolites) are haptens. In vivo, haptens may form adducts with constitutive proteins, becoming complete immunogens. [Description provided by NIOSH]
• Subjects:
  Chemistry, Analytic Immune System Occupational Health Safety
• Keywords:
  Analytical Chemistry Biochemical Indicators Environmental Health Monitoring Immune Reaction Immunochemistry
• ISSN:
  1545-9624
• Document Type:
  Text
• Genre:
  Journal Article
• Place as Subject:
  Ohio ; OSHA Region 5
• CIO:
  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
• Division:
  DART - Division of Applied Research and Technology
• Topic:
  Workplace Safety & Health
• Location:
  North America
• Volume:
  5
• Issue:
  2
• NIOSHTIC Number:
  nn:20033239
• Citation:
  J Occup Environ Hyg 2008 Feb; 5(2):D25-D32
• Editor(s):
  Ashley K
• Federal Fiscal Year:
  2008
• NORA Priority Area:
  Healthcare and Social Assistance ; Manufacturing
• Peer Reviewed:
  True
• Source Full Name:
  Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
• Collection(s):
  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
• Main Document Checksum:
  urn:sha-512:957061603cb1990478265506b621d7336284a915c8f73b5f5656f5a052b7e7348c9ec8f1b5f63fda7e5aaefcfb1cff304738276e760b47a25400e64a3f1b8916
• Download URL:
  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/188888/cdc_188888_DS1.pdf
• File Type:
  [PDF - 2.07 MB ]