During July 2007–July 2011, six patients from the Mediterranean coast city of Elche, Spain, who had high fever and inoculation eschars received a diagnosis of infection with R. sibirica mongolitimonae (Table). For laboratory confirmation, DNA was extracted from eschars, lymph nodes (fine-needle aspiration), and blood samples by using the QIAamp Tissue Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. For molecular detection, 200–400 ng of DNA from each sample was subjected to PCR targeting the 23S-5S rRNA intergenic spacer, followed by hybridization with specific probes by reverse line blotting, as described (15). When using the probe for R. sibirica mongolitimonae, a positive hybridization signal was obtained from eschar samples from all 6 patients; this result was confirmed by sequencing (100% similarity to a reference R. sibirica mongolitimonae strain [GenBank accession no. HQ710799] in all cases in the 357 bp sequenced). To further confirm this result, nested PCR targeting the gene for outer membrane protein A was performed as described (15); these sequences (514 bp) also showed 100% similarity to a reference R. sibirica mongolitimonae strain (GenBank accession no. HQ728350).

Serologic response was analyzed by using an in-house microimmunofluorescence assay for IgG and IgM, performed as described (4); R. conorii and R. sibirica mongolitimonae were used as antigens, and cutoff values were 1:40 for IgG and 1:20 for IgM. Acute- and convalescent-phase serum samples were obtained from 3 case-patients and single serum samples from the other 3 case-patients. Results for samples from 2 case-patients were negative, but results for the remaining 4 samples showed low to medium titers. Two samples were positive for IgM and 4 positive for IgG (Table). These results are consistent with previous reports (6), in which ≈30% of cases had a positive IgM result and ≈50% had negative or near-cutoff IgG results.

All 6 case-patients lived in Elche and its surroundings (230,112 inhabitants). Three of the cases occurred during the spring, which is when 10/18 cases reported in the literature occurred (4–14). All 6 case-patients had fever (38.5°C–39.5°C), myalgia, and headache; in the cases from the literature, 18/18 patients had fever, 13/18 myalgia, and 11/18 headache. In our study, 1 case-patient was confused and drowsy on arrival at the emergency department.

All 6 case-patients had a single inoculation eschar develop: 2 on the neck, 2 on a lower limb (Figure), 1 on the scalp, and 1 on an upper limb. Five (83%) case-patients had enlarged lymph nodes in the region from which the eschar drained, as reported for 10/18 (55%) cases from the literature. Three case-patients (50%) had lymphangitis extending from the eschar to the draining lymph nodes (Figure), compared with 6/18 (33%) in cases from the literature.

For 4/6 (67%) case-patients, a generalized maculopapular rash developed on the palms and soles but not the face; for 2 case-patients, a discrete maculopapular rash appeared after 1 day of treatment. These findings are consistent with our review of the literature, which indicated rash occurring in 13/18 (72%) cases. All 6 case-patients recovered without sequelae after antimicrobial drug treatment using doxycycline or azithromycin.

Fournier et al. (4), who reported 7 cases of R. sibirica mongolitimonae infection in 2005, proposed the name lymphangitis-associated rickettsiosis for the disease, on the basis of associated clinical features. However, for the case-patients reported here, the most common clinical signs and symptoms were fever and skin eschar, similar to those from previously reported case series; 5 of the case-patients reported here showed regional lymph node enlargement, 4 rash, and 3 lymphangitis. Because only 24 total cases have been reported and other rickettsioses produce lymphadenopathy and lymphangitis, the term lympangitis-associated rickettsiosis may be unwarranted for this disease.

In our case series, 1 case-patient had mental confusion after 10 days of a febrile disease before hospitalization and was found to be hyponatremic. In this patient, the eschar was located on the scalp, and neither rash nor other clinical clues were suggestive of rickettsiosis. The patient had increased C-reactive protein plasma levels and the highest serologic antibody titers for R. sibirica mongolitimonae of the 6 case-patients (Table, patient 1).

Since R. sibirica mongolitimonae was isolated from H. asiaticum ticks in 1991 (1), it has been recovered from H. truncatum ticks in sub-Saharan Africa (6) and H. anatolicum excavatum ticks in Greece (7). These findings suggest a possible association between R. sibirica mongolitimonae and Hyalomma spp. ticks. However, in Spain, R. sibirica mongolitimonae has been detected in 2/8 tick species tested (Rhipicephalus pusillus and Rh. bursa) at similar percentages (3.7% and 3.6%, respectively) but not from Hyalomma spp. ticks (15). Similarly, 1/20 samples of Rh. pusillus ticks from Portugal was positive for R. sibirica mongolitimonae (8), while testing of other tick species, including H. lusitanicum, Rh. sanguineus, and Rh. bursa, yielded negative results. That Hyalomma spp. (H. lusitanicum and H. marginatum) ticks have not been found to be infected in Spain does not mean that these ticks are not vectors for R. sibirica mongolitimonae. However, data from the literature support the hypothesis that Rhipicephalus spp. ticks are a vector for this rickettsia on the Iberian Peninsula, and our findings confirm that this rickettsia species is circulating in Spain, where specific vectors have yet to be described.

In summary, we report 6 cases of human infection with R. sibirica mongolitimonae that occurred in the same geographic area of Spain. Our results indicate that PCR of eschar samples is the most useful diagnostic procedure for this pathogen; samples from all 6 case-patients had positive results, while test results for 1 whole blood sample and 2 lymph node samples were negative. However, the limited number of samples does not make it possible to infer specific diagnostic sensitivities.

The epidemiology and pathogenicity of illness caused by R. sibirica mongolitimonae infection require further investigation. An active search for the vector of R. sibirica mongolitimonae in countries of the Mediterranean region is necessary to complete the epidemiology of this rickettsiosis, which is likely to be more widespread than originally assumed. In particular, clinicians caring for patients who have traveled to the Mediterranean coast of Spain should consider this rickettsiosis in the differential diagnosis.