Emerg Infect DisEIDEmerging Infectious Diseases1080-60401080-6059Centers for Disease Control and Prevention17582905279286806-155110.3201/eid1306.061551Letters to the EditorBartonella DNA in Loggerhead Sea TurtlesBartonella DNA in Loggerhead Sea TurtlesValentineK. Hope*HarmsCraig A.*CadenasMaria B.*BirkenheuerAdam J.*MarrHenry S.*Braun-McNeillJoanneMaggiRicardo G.*BreitschwerdtEdward B.*North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina, USACenter for Marine Sciences and Technology, Morehead City, North Carolina, USANational Marine Fisheries Service, Beaufort, North Carolina, USAAddress for correspondence: Edward B. Breitschwerdt, Department of Clinical Sciences, 4700 Hillsborough St, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; email: ed_breitschwerdt@ncsu.edu62007136949950Key words: Loggerhead sea turtleBartonellaITS regionPap 31Caretta carettaPCR analysis

To the Editor: Bartonella are fastidious, aerobic, gram-negative, facultative, intracellular bacteria that infect erythrocytes, erythroblasts, endothelial cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells, and are transmitted by arthropod vectors or by animal scratches or bites (16). Currently, 20 species or subspecies of Bartonella have been characterized, of which 8 are known zoonotic pathogens (7). B. henselae has been recently identified from canine blood (8) and from harbor porpoises (9). Pathogenic bacteria are an important threat in terrestrial and marine environments, and in the case of B. henselae, reservoir hosts may be more diverse than currently recognized.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether sea turtles are infected with Bartonella spp. Blood samples were obtained from 29 free-ranging and 8 captive, rehabilitating loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) from North Carolina coastal waters. Reptilian erythrocytes are nucleated, and commercial lysis methods clogged filtration columns because of the high DNA content of whole blood. Consequently, DNA was extracted from frozen whole blood by using a modified alkaline lysis method adapted from an avian cell culture DNA extraction method (10). PCR screening for Bartonella was performed by using primers for the 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (Table). Bartonella ITS–positive samples were further screened by using primers for a consensus sequence of the phage-associated gene Pap31 (9). Primers for the 28S rRNA were used as a housekeeping gene. The PCR-positive control contained 0.002 pg/µL of B. henselae H1. Water was the negative PCR control. Amplicons of the expected sizes were consistently obtained from housekeeping gene and positive control reactions, while amplicons were never obtained from negative controls. ITS amplicons were obtained from 16 (43%) of 37 sea turtle blood samples tested, including samples from 13 free-ranging and 3 rehabilitated turtles. Pap31 PCR was performed for Bartonella ITS-PCR–positive samples. Pap31 amplicons were obtained from 5 samples of which 3 were successfully sequenced. Amplification and sequencing of the 16S-23S ITS region detected 2 Bartonella species: a B. henselae–like organisms and 1 more similar to B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii. The 3 Pap31 amplicons successfully sequenced confirmed B. henselae infection. Sequences obtained from 1 sample matched B. henselae strains H1-like, the B. henselae SA2-like strain, and B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii genotypes II and IV, which suggests that this turtle was co-infected with multiple Bartonella spp. and strains. Three other samples yielded amplicons 99%–100% identical with B. henselae strain SA2, and 3 yielded sequences most similar to B. vinsonii subspecies berkhoffii genotypes II and IV. Two samples contained an ITS region sequence most similar to B. henselae SA2, but with a 15-bp deletion beginning 617 bases downstream from the 16S rRNA gene. Whether these ITS sequence differences represent distinct strains or nonrandom translocation events is uncertain.

Primers used for PCR amplification
PrimerSequence
28s s5′-AAACTCTGGTGGAGGTCCGT-3′
28s as5′-CTTACCAAAAGTGGCCCACTA-3′
ITS 325s5′-CTTCAGATGATGATCCCAAGCCTTTTGGG-3′
ITS 1100as5′-GAACCGACGACCCCCTGCTTGCAAAGCA-3′
Pap 31 1s5′-ACTTCTGTTATCGCTTTGATTTCRRCT-3′
Pap 31 688(as)5′-CACCACCAGCAAAATAAGGCAT-3′

Four sea turtle blood samples contained partial ITS sequences most similar to B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii. However these amplicons were much shorter than expected for B. vinsonii subspecies berkhoffii genotype II and genotype IV sequences in GenBank. Because Pap31 gene amplification was unsuccessful for these samples, it is unclear whether small amplicons represent a species related to B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii or a new Bartonella sp.

To our knowledge, detection of Bartonella spp. DNA in sea turtle blood represents the first molecular evidence of Bartonella infection in nonmammalian vertebrates. B. henselae infection, now reported in porpoises and sea turtles, may represent an emerging infection of marine animals. According to previous studies, immune status appears to affect disease severity, variation in clinical manifestations, the pattern of histopathologic features, and the relative ease of diagnostic detection of the organism (4,7). Although healthy at the time of sample collection, the captive rehabilitated sea turtles were known to have been sick or injured before sampling, potentially reflecting immunocompromise. Whether detection of Bartonella spp. in blood of sea turtles is a function of prior immunosuppression induced by stressors is not known. Such stressors could include mechanical injury, malnutrition, environmental toxins, parasites, or concurrent bacterial or viral infections. Alternatively, sea turtles may be a natural marine reservoir for B. henselae or for a Bartonella sp. genetically related to B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii.

In summary, documentation of B. henselae and an organism genetically similar to B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii in the blood of loggerhead sea turtles provides evidence that this genus is not ecologically limited to terrestrial reservoirs. The geographic distribution, prevalence of infection, carrier potential, mode of transmission, and pathogenicity of bloodborne Bartonella spp. in sea turtles await additional studies.

Suggested citation for this article: Valentine KH, Harms CA, Cadenas MB, Birkenheuer AH, Marr HS, Braun-McNeill J, et al. Bartonella DNA in loggerhead sea turtles [letter]. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2007 Jun [date cited]. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/13/6/949.htm

Acknowledgments

We thank Jean Beasley, Matthew Godfrey, Larisa Avens, April Goodman, Lisa Goshe, Nicole Mihnovets, and Leonard Goodwin for facilitating this study.

This research was supported by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, the North Carolina State College of Veterinary Medicine, Merck-Merial Summer Veterinary Scholars Program, and the state of North Carolina.

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