Dietary Exposure to United States Food and Drug Administration-Approved Synthetic Food Colors in Children, Pregnant Women, and Women of Childbearing Age Living in the United States

Details

• Personal Author:
  Bradman A ; Castorina R ; Gillan M ; Marty M ; Miller MD ; Nirula A ; Pattabhiraman T ; Thilakaratne R
• Description:
  The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates artificial food colors (AFCs) in the United States. Exposure to AFCs has raised concerns about adverse behavioral effects in children. We quantified AFC exposure in women of childbearing age, pregnant women, and children and compared them to FDA and World Health Organization acceptable daily intakes (ADIs). We estimated the "typical" and "high" single-day and two-day average dietary exposure to each AFC (mg/kg/day) based on laboratory measurements and food consumption data from the 2015-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). We also examined whether AFC intake differed by income, education, and ethnicity. Exposure tended to be higher in children and the highest AFC exposure was found for Red No. 40. Children's mean and 95th percentile FD&C Red No. 3 estimated intakes exceeded the ADIs in some instances. Juice drinks, soft drinks, icings, and ice cream cones were major foods contributing to children's (<16 years old) AFC exposure. AFC intake was higher in participants with lower incomes and education and of African American ethnicity. The findings indicate widespread AFC exposure including in very young children. Research is needed on the sociodemographic determinants of exposure and AFC toxicokinetics to better describe the absorption and organ-specific exposure. [Description provided by NIOSH]
• Subjects:
  Behavior Demography Diet Mental Disorders Occupational Health Pregnancy Safety
• Keywords:
  ADI Author Keywords: Human Exposure Behavioral Disorders Children Demographic Characteristics Erythrosine Food Colors Food Dye NHANES Pregnant Women Prenatal Exposure Sociological Factors

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• ISSN:
  1660-4601
• Document Type:
  Text
• Funding:
  Grant
• Genre:
  Journal Article
• Place as Subject:
  California ; OSHA Region 9
• CIO:
  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
• Topic:
  Workplace Safety & Health
• Location:
  North America
• Volume:
  19
• Issue:
  15
• NIOSHTIC Number:
  nn:20067180
• Citation:
  Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022 Aug; 19(15):9661
• Contact Point Address:
  Asa Bradman, Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
• Email:
  abradman@ucmerced.edu
• Federal Fiscal Year:
  2022
• Performing Organization:
  University of California, Berkeley
• Peer Reviewed:
  True
• Start Date:
  20050701
• Source Full Name:
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
• End Date:
  20250630
• Collection(s):
  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
• Main Document Checksum:
  urn:sha-512:23dfe68d6607eccc59e8d36f6e16607db7ed2197a06153fa6a67549ac6429ec8645e14816d0a2003b9b74b5a5e71c898510cd7b893ef3aa3944d50efb5fdc00d
• Download URL:
  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/231319/cdc_231319_DS1.pdf
• File Type:
  [PDF - 1.68 MB ]