HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report: Cases of HIV Infections and AIDS in the United States and Dependent Areas, 2007

Details

• Alternative Title:
  HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report; Vol. 19: Cases of HIV Infections and AIDS in the United States and Dependent Areas, 2007
• Personal Author:
  Satcher Johnson, Anna ; Hu, Xiaohong ; Hughes, Denise ; Campsmith, Michael ; Hall, Irene ; Prejean, Joseph ; Song, Ruiguamg ; An, Qian ; Myles, Zachary ; Morgan, Marie ; Brzuskiewicz, Janet ; Friend, Michael
• Corporate Authors:
  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (U.S.) ; National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (U.S.). Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention
• Description:
  Commentary: In 1981, the first cases of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Since that time, the HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) epidemic has expanded to become one of the greatest public health challenges, both nationally and globally. More than 25 years after the first reports of AIDS, this issue of the HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report marks the reporting of more than 1 million AIDS cases since the beginning of the epidemic in the United States. The number of cases underscores the fact that despite significant advances in HIV testing, prevention, and treatment in the United States, the human toll has been substantial.
  
  CDC’s national system for the surveillance of HIV infection has evolved as our understanding of the epidemic has advanced. CDC developed the serologic testing algorithm for recent HIV seroconversion (STARHS), which uses HIV testing technology to determine, at the population level, the positive HIV test results that indicate new HIV infections (those that occurred within approximately the past 5 months). The ability to distinguish recent from longstanding HIV infection by using STARHS enabled the development of national incidence surveillance, which has been integrated with the established national HIV diagnosis surveillance system. HIV diagnosis data, testing and treatment history, and STARHS results are now used to estimate national HIV incidence (the annual number of new infections). The monitoring of trends in HIV incidence will help CDC and state and local programs to better focus and evaluate prevention efforts for the populations at greatest risk—improvements that are critical in achieving progress toward CDC’s goal of reducing the number of new HIV infections in the United States.
  
  Before STARHS technology became available, HIV diagnosis data provided the best indication of trends in key populations; however, HIV diagnosis data indicate when a diagnosis was made, not when a person was infected (infection can occur many years before a diagnosis). Despite the potential limitations of using HIV diagnosis data as a proxy measurement for HIV incidence, the data on HIV diagnosis continue to provide the best information on the distribution of HIV infection in areas that do not collect data for HIV incidence surveillance and in areas without sufficient incidence data. This report presents estimated numbers, percentages, and rates of new HIV infections in the 50 states and the District of Columbia for 2006 (Table 3). Now that national HIV incidence surveillance has been established, CDC will provide an updated estimate of incidence in the United States annually.
  
  This report presents estimated numbers of cases of diagnosed HIV infection, including cases that progressed to AIDS, from the 39 areas (34 states and 5 U.S. dependent areas) that have had confidential name-based HIV infection reporting for a sufficient length of time (i.e., since at least 2003) to allow for stabilization of data collection and for adjustment of the data in order to monitor trends. According to the number of reported AIDS cases, the 34 states with long-term HIV infection reporting represent approximately 66% of the cases in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Georgia implemented confidential name-based HIV infection case surveillance in December 2003, and this issue of the HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report marks the first time that HIV case reports from Georgia have been included in the tabulation and presentation of estimates of HIV/AIDS. From 2004 through 2007, the total number of new cases of HIV/AIDS increased 15% in the 34 states. This increase is likely due to changes in state reporting regulations and increases in HIV testing. Recent estimates of new infections do not suggest an increase in recent years. However, it is not possible to rule out an increase in HIV infections because the estimation models include a degree of uncertainty. In the future, HIV incidence surveillance data will provide the best indication of changes in trends in new HIV infections. Data on trends in new HIV infections will be available after at least 3 years of data have been reported from the new system.
  
  The figure on the cover depicts the race/ethnicity of adults and adolescents living with diagnosed HIV/ AIDS and the race/ethnicity of the population residing in the 34 states with confidential name-based HIV infection reporting at the end of 2007. As shown in the figure, disproportionate percentages of blacks/African Americans and Hispanics/Latinos in the 34 states are living with HIV/AIDS.
  
  The 2007 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report is organized in 5 sections: (1) estimates of cases of HIV/ AIDS, incidence of HIV infection, and AIDS cases; (2) deaths of persons with AIDS; (3) persons living with diagnosed HIV/AIDS, HIV infection (not AIDS), or AIDS; (4) length of survival after AIDS diagnosis; and (5) reports of cases of HIV infection (not AIDS), AIDS, and HIV/AIDS. Sections 1–3 present point estimates of case counts that have been adjusted for reporting delays and missing risk-factor information. CDC routinely adjusts data for the presentation of trends in the epidemic. Data to estimate the number of cases of HIV/AIDS or AIDS; HIV incidence; the number of persons living with HIV/AIDS, HIV infection (not AIDS), or AIDS; and the number of deaths among persons with AIDS have been statistically adjusted to correct for delays in the reporting of cases.
  
  To assess trends in cases, deaths, or prevalence, it is preferable to use adjusted data, presented by year of diagnosis instead of year of report, to eliminate artifacts of reporting in the surveillance system. Therefore, for trends, the reader is encouraged to use the tables in Sections 1–3 that present trends by year of diagnosis, year of death, or year-end prevalence. Section 4 presents estimates of survival for persons whose AIDS diagnosis was made during 2002 (Table 15) and for persons whose diagnosis was made during 1998–2005 (Figures 2–4). Proportions of persons who survived for various lengths of time after diagnosis are presented by year of diagnosis, age group, race/ethnicity, and HIV transmission category. Because of delays in the reporting of deaths of persons with AIDS, CDC has revised its protocol for calculating survival to allow more time for the reporting of deaths (see Technical Notes for additional information). As a result, survival after an AIDS diagnosis is presented for the same data years as in Table 13 and Figures 2–4 of the 2006 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report.
  
  Finally, Section 5 presents reports of cases of HIV infection (not AIDS) and cases of AIDS reported through 2007. This report marks the first time that HIV case reports from the District of Columbia, Massachusetts, and Montana have been included in the HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report. The areas included in tabulations of reported cases of HIV infection (not AIDS) are based on the date that confidential name-based HIV infection reporting was implemented. For Tables 18, 20, 22, and 24, data from 53 areas (47 states, the District of Columbia, and 5 U.S. dependent areas) have been used to describe reports of HIV infection. These data, which have not been adjusted for delays in reporting, are presented by year of report to CDC. Tables that present cases by year of report represent the most up-to-date information reported to CDC; however, cases by year of report do not represent incident cases, the most recent diagnoses, trends, or deaths.
  
  For tables presenting data by race and ethnicity, the data are stratified by the following races and ethnic groups: American Indian or Alaska Native, black or African American, Hispanic or Latino, and white (these classifications have not changed). The Asian or Pacific Islander category displayed in previous HIV/ AIDS surveillance reports (annual and supplemental) has been split into 2 categories: (1) Asian and (2) Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander.
  
  
• Subjects:
  Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Epidemiology Data Interpretation, Statistical Epidemics Epidemiological Monitoring HIV Public Health Surveillance Statistics Tables
• Keywords:
  DHP_HIV_Reports
• Series:
  HIV Surveillance Report
• Subseries:
  HIVSR
• Publisher:
  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (U.S.)
• Document Type:
  Text
• Genre:
  Statistics ; Report
• Place as Subject:
  United States ; American Samoa ; Guam ; Northern Mariana Islands ; Puerto Rico ; U.S. Virgin Islands
• Rights:
  Public Domain
• CIO:
  National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHHSTP)
• Division:
  DHP - Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention
• Topic:
  Diseases & Conditions
• Location:
  North America
• Pages in Document:
  63 pdf pages
• Volume:
  19
• Citation:
  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report, 2007. Vol. 19. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2009:[inclusive page numbers]. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/reports/.
• Collection(s):
  Infectious Diseases
• Main Document Checksum:
  urn:sha-512:6c2c9de5d373713f78a488afc69f61fe57ce95fa5dfac90744c8b3ef6f0a5d508f0de9a9e2a9e6e9a89502d5f1c7d0c21400b2fb9b775e3972c743016074d240
• Download URL:
  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/149088/cdc_149088_DS1.pdf
• File Type:
  [PDF - 2.15 MB ]